NPASS Compound

Natural Product: NPC235889

Natural Product ID	NPC235889
Common Name ? The InCHIKey will be temporarily assigned as the "Common Name" if no IUPAC name or alternative short name is available.	LFOGMLHBIASASZ-CNWSIUGMSA-N
IUPAC Name	n.a.
Synonyms
Synthetic Gene Cluster	n.a.
ChEMBL Identifier	CHEMBL1941164
PubChem CID	57332506
Chemical Classification	CHEMONTID:0000000 [Organic compounds] [CHEMONTID:0000012] Lipids and lipid-like molecules [CHEMONTID:0000258] Steroids and steroid derivatives [CHEMONTID:0002321] Cycloartanols and derivatives

The Chemical Classification was calculated by Classyfire, a software for chemical taxonomy calculation. Reference: DOI:10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y.

Chemical Representations

RDKit 3D 80 84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000 8.2014 0.8055 0.4648 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.9067 1.1899 -0.1243 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.7849 0.7393 0.3858 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.4747 1.0697 -0.1342 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.3117 1.8263 -1.1262 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.2594 0.5006 0.5196 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.4868 -0.1340 -0.5536 C 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.2271 -0.7995 -0.3783 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0346 -1.9692 0.4825 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.7620 -2.0919 1.6489 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.4840 -3.2609 1.9658 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.4327 -4.1938 1.1274 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.2660 -3.4275 3.1921 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.4549 -1.9776 0.9133 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.0470 -1.0217 -0.1028 C 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0256 0.0600 -0.0358 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0802 0.6084 1.3494 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.3076 1.0886 -1.0444 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.7214 1.5123 -1.0885 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.6255 0.9339 -0.0629 C 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.3894 -0.4943 0.2826 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.5255 -1.3454 -0.2516 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.7525 -0.8843 0.5570 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.1127 0.4562 -0.0532 C 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.9892 1.4139 -0.0820 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.1771 1.8145 1.0616 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.3865 2.5208 -1.0042 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.5958 3.0213 -0.8329 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.4321 2.4707 0.2163 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.2075 3.2171 0.8550 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.3702 1.0299 0.5317 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.5994 0.3823 -0.1137 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.0495 -1.7502 -1.4215 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.4420 -1.1139 -1.2627 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.7168 -0.3350 1.5338 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.8693 2.0869 -1.2948 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.0264 1.4038 0.0246 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.3998 -0.2788 0.3577 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.1746 1.0594 1.5434 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.8775 0.0742 1.2638 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.7717 1.4171 0.9530 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.3460 0.6703 -1.3434 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9556 -1.1538 -1.4337 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.1755 -2.9370 -0.0962 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.2314 -3.9647 3.0134 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5362 -2.4626 3.6675 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.6877 -4.0829 3.8878 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.5697 -1.6382 1.9417 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.8908 -2.9709 0.8063 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9411 0.2229 1.9428 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1145 1.7354 1.2785 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.8144 0.4018 1.9714 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0030 0.7014 -2.0543 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3777 1.9700 -0.8744 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.7749 2.6365 -0.9921 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.1694 1.3070 -2.1004 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.4753 -0.6261 1.4037 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.4136 -2.4111 -0.0296 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.7778 -1.1168 -1.3047 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.4480 -0.6738 1.6064 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.5751 -1.5896 0.4675 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.3666 0.2155 -1.1314 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.7772 2.8356 1.1575 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.3792 1.3160 2.0347 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.7116 2.8852 -1.7682 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.9357 3.8339 -1.4796 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.4643 0.8228 1.6179 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -8.4076 1.0949 -0.2820 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.8838 -0.5359 0.4155 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.2453 0.0540 -1.1331 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.3937 -2.6714 -1.4029 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.8893 -1.1189 -2.2937 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.0778 -2.2010 -1.5553 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.9041 -1.6115 -2.1214 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.3059 -0.5926 -1.6917 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.7690 -1.9150 -0.6023 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.2449 -1.0880 1.2008 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.8965 2.4241 -1.5710 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.3092 3.0133 -1.0639 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.3710 1.5964 -2.1801 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 2 3 2 3 3 4 1 0 4 5 2 0 4 6 1 0 6 7 1 0 7 8 1 0 8 9 1 0 9 10 1 0 10 11 1 0 11 12 2 0 11 13 1 0 9 14 1 0 14 15 1 0 15 16 1 0 16 17 1 1 16 18 1 0 18 19 1 0 20 19 1 6 20 21 1 0 21 22 1 0 22 23 1 0 23 24 1 0 24 25 1 0 25 26 1 1 25 27 1 0 27 28 2 0 28 29 1 0 29 30 2 0 29 31 1 0 31 32 1 0 15 33 1 6 7 34 1 0 6 35 1 0 2 36 1 0 16 8 1 0 26 20 1 0 21 15 1 0 31 24 1 0 25 20 1 0 1 37 1 0 1 38 1 0 1 39 1 0 3 40 1 0 6 41 1 1 7 42 1 6 8 43 1 6 9 44 1 6 13 45 1 0 13 46 1 0 13 47 1 0 14 48 1 0 14 49 1 0 17 50 1 0 17 51 1 0 17 52 1 0 18 53 1 0 18 54 1 0 19 55 1 0 19 56 1 0 21 57 1 1 22 58 1 0 22 59 1 0 23 60 1 0 23 61 1 0 24 62 1 6 26 63 1 0 26 64 1 0 27 65 1 0 28 66 1 0 31 67 1 1 32 68 1 0 32 69 1 0 32 70 1 0 33 71 1 0 33 72 1 0 33 73 1 0 34 74 1 0 34 75 1 0 34 76 1 0 35 77 1 0 36 78 1 0 36 79 1 0 36 80 1 0 M END

Standard InCHIKey	LFOGMLHBIASASZ-CNWSIUGMSA-N
Standard InCHI	InChI=1S/C31H44O5/c1-17(2)14-23(34)27(35)19(4)26-24(36-20(5)32)15-29(7)25-9-8-21-18(3)22(33)10-11-30(21)16-31(25,30)13-12-28(26,29)6/h10-11,14,18-19,21,24-27,35H,8-9,12-13,15-16H2,1-7H3/t18-,19-,21-,24-,25-,26-,27+,28+,29-,30+,31-/m0/s1
SMILES	CC(=CC(=O)[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]1[C@@H](OC(=O)C)C[C@@]2([C@]1(C)CC[C@@]13[C@H]2CC[C@@H]2[C@]3(C1)C=CC(=O)[C@H]2C)C)C)O)C

Calculated Properties

Physi-Chem Properties

Molecular Weight:	496.32	Volume:	532.719 ? Van der Waals volume.
Dense:	0.932	LogP:	2.805 ? The logarithm of the n-octanol/water distribution coefficients.
logD7.4:	3.018 ? The logarithm of the n-octanol/water distribution coefficient at pH=7.4.	LogS:	-3.889 ? The logarithm of aqueous solubility value.
Rotatable Bonds:	6.0	Rigid Bonds:	26.0
TPSA:	80.67 ? Topological Polar Surface Area.	H-Bond Acceptor:	5.0
H-Bond Donor:	1.0	Rings:	5.0
Heavy Atoms:	5.0

MedChem Properties

QED Drug-Likeness Score:	0.404	GASA:	1.0 ? GASA represents the probability of being difficult to synthesize, ranging from 0 to 1.
Synthetic Accessibility Score:	6.112	Fsp³:	0.774
MCE-18:	134.727 ? MCE-18 stands for medicinal chemistry evolution.MCE-18≥45 is considered a suitable value.	Lipinski Rule-of-5:	Rejected
Pfizer Rule:	Rejected	GSK Rule:	Accepted
Golden Triangle Rule:	Rejected	BMS Rule:	0
Chelating Alert:	0	PAINS Alert:	0
Colloidal aggregators:	0.827	Fluc inhibitor:	0.022 ? The fluc inhibitor value is the probability of being fLuc inhibitors, within the range of 0 to 1.
Blue fluorescence:	0.011 ? The blue fluorescence value is the probability of being blue fluorescence, within the range of 0 to 1	Green fluorescence:	0.0 ? The green fluorescence value is the probability of being green fluorescence, within the range of 0 to 1
Reactive compounds:	0.209	Promiscuous compounds:	0.417

ADMET Properties (ADMETlab3.0)

ADMET: Absorption

Caco-2 Permeability:	-5.243	MDCK Permeability:	-5.005
Pgp-inhibitor:	0.213	Pgp-substrate:	0.241
PAMPA:	0.77 ? The experimental data for Peff was logarithmically transformed (logPeff). Molecules with log Peff values below 2.0 were classified as low-permeability (Category 0), while those with log Peff values exceeding 2.5 were classified as high-permeability (Category 1).	Human Intestinal Absorption (HIA):	0.0
20% Bioavailability (F20%):	0.054	30% Bioavailability (F30%):	0.164
50% Bioavailability (F50%):	0.976

ADMET: Distribution

Blood-Brain-Barrier Penetration (BBB):	0.439	MRP1:	0.824
Plasma Protein Binding (PPB):	95.578%	Volume Distribution (VD):	0.018
Fu:	4.718% ? The fraction unbound in plasms.	OATP1B1 inhibitor:	1.0
OATP1B3 inhibitor:	0.999	BCRP inhibitor:	0.286
BSEP inhibitor:	0.992

ADMET: Metabolism

CYP1A2-inhibitor:	0.001	CYP1A2-substrate:	0.215
CYP2C19-inhibitor:	0.095	CYP2C19-substrate:	0.015
CYP2C9-inhibitor:	0.0	CYP2C9-substrate:	0.002
CYP2D6-inhibitor:	0.0	CYP2D6-substrate:	0.031
CYP3A4-inhibitor:	0.874	CYP3A4-substrate:	0.769
CYP2B6-substrate:	0.0	CYP2C8-inhibitor:	0.441
HLM stability:	0.128 ? Human liver microsomal (HLM) stability. Category 0: stable+ (HLM > 30 min); Category 1: unstable- (HLM ≤ 30 min). The output value is the probability of human liver microsomal instability, where a value closer to 1 indicates a higher likelihood of instability.

ADMET: Excretion

Clearance (CL):

9.164

Half-life (T1/2):

1.274

ADMET: Toxicity

hERG Blockers:	0.063	hERG Blockers (10um):	0.291
Human Hepatotoxicity (H-HT):	0.523	Drug-induced Liver Injury (DILI):	0.195
AMES Toxicity:	0.265	Rat Oral Acute Toxicity:	0.355
Maximum Recommended Daily Dose:	0.681	Skin Sensitization:	0.793
Carcinogencity:	0.508	Eye Corrosion:	0.004
Eye Irritation:	0.095	Respiratory Toxicity:	0.843
Drug-induced Neurotoxicity:	0.161	Ototoxicity:	0.633
Hematotoxicity:	0.745	Drug-induced Nephrotoxicity:	0.464
Genotoxicity:	0.799	RPMI-8226 Immunitoxicity:	0.117
A549 Cytotoxicity:	0.091	Hek293 Cytotoxicity:	0.17
BCF:	0.991 ? Bioconcentration factors are used for considering secondary poisoning potential and assessing risks to human health via the food chain. The unit is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].	IGC50:	4.07 ? 48 hour Tetrahymena pyriformis IGC50. The unit of IGC50 is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].
LC50DM:	5.697 ? 48 hour Daphnia magna LC50. The unit of LC50DM is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].	LC50FM:	5.152 ? 96 hour fathead minnow LC50. The unit of LC50FM is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].

Species Source

Organism ID	Organism Name	Taxonomy Level	Family	SuperKingdom	Isolation Part	Collection Location	Collection Time	Reference
NPO16384	Neoboutonia melleri	Species	Euphorbiaceae	Eukaryota	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	PMID[22168134]
NPO16384	Neoboutonia melleri	Species	Euphorbiaceae	Eukaryota	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	PMID[22206869]
NPO16384	Neoboutonia melleri	Species	Euphorbiaceae	Eukaryota	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Database[COCONUT]
NPO16384	Neoboutonia melleri	Species	Euphorbiaceae	Eukaryota	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Database[UNPD]

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP source organism data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated them from below databases:
☉ UNPD: Universal Natural Products Database [PMID: 23638153].
☉ StreptomeDB: a database of streptomycetes natural products [PMID: 33051671].
☉ TM-MC: a database of medicinal materials and chemical compounds in Northeast Asian traditional medicine [PMID: 26156871].
☉ TCM@Taiwan: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 21253603].
☉ TCMID: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 29106634].
☉ TCMSP: The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform [PMID: 24735618].
☉ HerDing: a herb recommendation system to treat diseases using genes and chemicals [PMID: 26980517].
☉ MetaboLights: a metabolomics database [PMID: 27010336].
☉ FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

NP Quantity Composition/Concentration

Organism ID	Organism Name	Organism Material Preparation	Organism Part	NP Quantity (Standard)	NP Quantity (Minimum)	NP Quantity (Maximum)	Quantity Unit	Reference

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP quantitative data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated NP quantitative records for specific NP domains (e.g., NPS from foods or herbs) from domain-specific databases. These databases include:
☉ DUKE: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
☉ PHENOL EXPLORER: is the first comprehensive database on polyphenol content in foods [PMID: 24103452], its homepage can be accessed at here.
☉ FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

Biological Activity

Activity Type	# Activity
FC	6
IC50	2

Activity Type	# Activity
Others	8

Molecular-level activity

Target ID	Target Type	Target Name	Target Organism	Activity Type	Activity Relation	Value	Unit	Reference

In vitro activity

Target ID	Target Type	Target Name	Target Organism	Activity Type	Activity Relation	Value	Unit	Reference
NPT2	Others	Unspecified	n.a.	FC	=	53.0	n.a.	PMID[18053715]
NPT2	Others	Unspecified	n.a.	FC	=	5.2	n.a.	PMID[20521771]
NPT2	Others	Unspecified	n.a.	FC	=	1.1	n.a.	PMID[19786608]
NPT2	Others	Unspecified	n.a.	IC50	>	1000000.0	nM	PMID[9644063]

In vivo activity

Target ID	Target Type	Target Name	Target Organism	Activity Type	Activity Relation	Value	Unit	Reference

Experimental ADME

Experiment Model	Experiment Tissue	ADME Type	ADME Relation	ADME Value	ADME Unit	Reference

Experimental Toxicity

Quantitative toxicity

Experiment Model	Experiment Organism	Toxicity Type	Toxicity Relation	Toxicity Value	Toxicity Unit	Reference

Common Abbreviations:
LC: Lethal Concentration; LD: Lethal Dose; LT:Lethal Time; NOAEL: No-observed-adverse-effect Level; BMDL: Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit; BMD: Benchmark Dose; BMC:Benchmark Concentration; LOAEL: Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level; RfD:Reference Dose; RfC:Reference Concentration; MRL: Minimal Risk Level; MEG: Maximum Exposure Guideline; PAC: Protective Action Criteria

Categorical toxicity labels

Hepatotoxicity	Carcinogenicity	Mutagenicity	Cardiotoxicity	Respiratory Toxicity	Eye Irritation	Endocrine Disruption

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP quantitative data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated NP toxicity records from domain-specific databases. These databases include:
☉ ToxValDB: a curated database that compiles quantitative toxicity values for chemicals from diverse public sources to support toxicological research and risk assessment.
☉ TOXRIC: a comprehensive, free-to-access, online database providing toxicological/feature data. The toxicity labels are retrieved from this database. [PMID: 36400569]

Chemically structural similarity

Similar Active Natural Products in NPASS

Top-200 similar NPs were calculated against the active-NP-set (includes approximately 50,000 NPs with experimentally-derived bioactivity available in NPASS)

Similarity is measured using the Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) , which compares the binary fingerprints of two molecules. Tc is calculated as the intersection divided by the union of '1' bits in the fingerprints, ranging from 0 to 1, with 1 indicating highest similarity.

● The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC235889 and all remaining natural products in the NPASS database.
● The right table: Most similar natural products (Tc>=0.5 or Top200).

range	Tanimoto Coefficient
0-0.1	19314
0.1-0.2	26077
0.2-0.3	4377
0.3-0.4	68
0.4-0.5	5
0.5-0.6	5
0.6-0.7	7
0.7-0.8	0
0.8-0.85	1
0.85-0.9	0
0.9-0.95	0
0.95-1	0

Similarity Score	Similarity Level	Natural Product ID
0.8088	Intermediate Similarity	NPC181265
0.7746	Intermediate Similarity	NPC258543
0.7746	Intermediate Similarity	NPC241927
0.7391	Intermediate Similarity	NPC271266
0.7121	Intermediate Similarity	NPC294266
0.6579	Remote Similarity	NPC214797
0.6579	Remote Similarity	NPC231589
0.6579	Remote Similarity	NPC118860
0.6575	Remote Similarity	NPC308351
0.6316	Remote Similarity	NPC470267
0.6234	Remote Similarity	NPC71348
0.6076	Remote Similarity	NPC470269
0.5802	Remote Similarity	NPC170487
0.5769	Remote Similarity	NPC470309
0.5366	Remote Similarity	NPC270958
0.5185	Remote Similarity	NPC15396
0.506	Remote Similarity	NPC211224

Similar Clinical/Approved Drugs

Similarity level is defined by Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) between two molecules.

● The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC235889 and all drugs/candidates.
● The right table: Most similar clinical/approved drugs (Tc>=0.5 or Top200).

range	Tanimoto Coefficient
0-0.1	6770
0.1-0.2	2189
0.2-0.3	191
0.3-0.4	0
0.4-0.5	0
0.5-0.6	0
0.6-0.7	0
0.7-0.8	0
0.8-0.85	0
0.85-0.9	0
0.9-0.95	0
0.95-1	0

Similarity Score	Similarity Level	Drug ID	Developmental Stage
		NPD

Bioactivity similarity

Similar Natural Products in NPASS

Similarity level is defined by Bioactivity similarity was calculated based on bioactivity descriptors of compounds. The bioactivity descriptors were calculated by a recently developed AI algorithm Chemical Checker (CC) [Nature Biotechnology, 38:1087–1096, 2020; Nature Communications, 12:3932, 2021], which evaluated bioactivity similarities at five levels:
☉ A: chemistry similarity;
☉ B: biological targets similarity;
☉ C: networks similarity;
☉ D: cell-based bioactivity similarity;
☉ E: similarity based on clinical data.
Those 5 categories of CC bioactivity descriptors were calculated and then subjected to manifold projection using UMAP algorithm, to project all NPs on a 2-Dimensional space. The current NP was highlighted with a small circle in the 2-D map. Below figures: left-to-right, A-to-E.

A: chemistry similarity

B: biological targets similarity

C: networks similarity

D: cell-based bioactivity similarity

E: similarity based on clinical data