Natural Product: NPC302887

Natural Product IDNPC302887
Common Name
?
The InCHIKey will be temporarily assigned as the "Common Name" if no IUPAC name or alternative short name is available.
Camellioside D
IUPAC Name (2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[[(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8R,8aS,12aS,14aR,14bR)-8-hydroxy-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-4,4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl]oxy]-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid
Synonyms Camellioside D
Synthetic Gene Cluster n.a.
ChEMBL Identifier CHEMBL2087222
PubChem CID 21633819
Chemical Classification
  • CHEMONTID:0000000 [Organic compounds]
    • [CHEMONTID:0000012] Lipids and lipid-like molecules
      • [CHEMONTID:0000259] Prenol lipids
        • [CHEMONTID:0002049] Terpene glycosides
          • [CHEMONTID:0001580] Triterpene glycosides
            • [CHEMONTID:0002358] Triterpene saponins

The Chemical Classification was calculated by Classyfire, a software for chemical taxonomy calculation. Reference: DOI:10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y.

  Chemical Representations

Standard InCHIKey LCUYLFDTSIUOCT-VTKJNYOFSA-N
Standard InCHI InChI=1S/C54H88O24/c1-49(2)14-15-54(21-58)23(16-49)22-8-9-28-51(5)12-11-30(50(3,4)27(51)10-13-52(28,6)53(22,7)17-29(54)59)74-48-43(78-46-38(67)35(64)32(61)25(19-56)72-46)40(39(68)41(76-48)44(69)70)75-47-42(36(65)33(62)26(20-57)73-47)77-45-37(66)34(63)31(60)24(18-55)71-45/h8,23-43,45-48,55-68H,9-21H2,1-7H3,(H,69,70)/t23-,24+,25+,26+,27-,28+,29+,30-,31+,32-,33-,34-,35-,36-,37+,38+,39-,40-,41-,42+,43+,45-,46-,47-,48+,51-,52+,53+,54+/m0/s1
SMILES OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H](O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]2O[C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]2O[C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]2O)O)O)O)O)O)C(=O)O)O[C@H]2CC[C@]3([C@H](C2(C)C)CC[C@@]2([C@@H]3CC=C3[C@@]2(C)C[C@H]([C@@]2([C@H]3CC(C)(C)CC2)CO)O)C)C)[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]1O)O)O

  Calculated Properties

Physi-Chem Properties

Molecular Weight:   1120.57 Volume:   1071.224
?
Van der Waals volume.
Dense:   1.046 LogP:   -0.045
?
The logarithm of the n-octanol/water distribution coefficients.
logD7.4:   1.367
?
The logarithm of the n-octanol/water distribution coefficient at pH=7.4.
LogS:   -3.207
?
The logarithm of aqueous solubility value.
Rotatable Bonds:   13.0 Rigid Bonds:   51.0
TPSA:   394.36
?
Topological Polar Surface Area.
H-Bond Acceptor:   24.0
H-Bond Donor:   15.0 Rings:   9.0
Heavy Atoms:   24.0

MedChem Properties

QED Drug-Likeness Score:   0.067 GASA:   1.0
?
GASA represents the probability of being difficult to synthesize, ranging from 0 to 1.
Synthetic Accessibility Score:   6.925 Fsp3:   0.944
MCE-18:   198.857
?
MCE-18 stands for medicinal chemistry evolution.MCE-18≥45 is considered a suitable value.
Lipinski Rule-of-5:   Accepted
Pfizer Rule:   Rejected GSK Rule:   Accepted
Golden Triangle Rule:   Accepted BMS Rule:   1
Chelating Alert:   0 PAINS Alert:   0
Colloidal aggregators:   0.743 Fluc inhibitor:   0.0
?
The fluc inhibitor value is the probability of being fLuc inhibitors, within the range of 0 to 1.
Blue fluorescence:   0.003
?
The blue fluorescence value is the probability of being blue fluorescence, within the range of 0 to 1
Green fluorescence:   0.0
?
The green fluorescence value is the probability of being green fluorescence, within the range of 0 to 1
Reactive compounds:   0.333 Promiscuous compounds:   0.139

ADMET Properties (ADMETlab3.0)

ADMET: Absorption

Caco-2 Permeability:   -6.7 MDCK Permeability:   -5.022
Pgp-inhibitor:   0.0 Pgp-substrate:   0.379
PAMPA:   1.0
?
The experimental data for Peff was logarithmically transformed (logPeff). Molecules with log Peff values below 2.0 were classified as low-permeability (Category 0), while those with log Peff values exceeding 2.5 were classified as high-permeability (Category 1).
Human Intestinal Absorption (HIA):   0.98
20% Bioavailability (F20%):   0.999 30% Bioavailability (F30%):   1.0
50% Bioavailability (F50%):   1.0

ADMET: Distribution

Blood-Brain-Barrier Penetration (BBB):   0.009 MRP1:   0.817
Plasma Protein Binding (PPB):   59.4% Volume Distribution (VD):   -0.462
Fu: 26.775%
?
The fraction unbound in plasms.
OATP1B1 inhibitor:   0.997
OATP1B3 inhibitor:   0.033 BCRP inhibitor:   0.0
BSEP inhibitor:   0.0

ADMET: Metabolism

CYP1A2-inhibitor:   0.0 CYP1A2-substrate:   0.0
CYP2C19-inhibitor:   0.0 CYP2C19-substrate:   0.0
CYP2C9-inhibitor:   0.0 CYP2C9-substrate:   0.0
CYP2D6-inhibitor:   0.0 CYP2D6-substrate:   0.0
CYP3A4-inhibitor:   0.0 CYP3A4-substrate:   0.0
CYP2B6-substrate:   0.0 CYP2C8-inhibitor:   0.07
HLM stability:   0.0
?
Human liver microsomal (HLM) stability. Category 0: stable+ (HLM > 30 min); Category 1: unstable- (HLM ≤ 30 min). The output value is the probability of human liver microsomal instability, where a value closer to 1 indicates a higher likelihood of instability.

ADMET: Excretion

Clearance (CL):  -0.328 Half-life (T1/2):  3.017

ADMET: Toxicity

hERG Blockers:  0.0 hERG Blockers (10um):  0.0
Human Hepatotoxicity (H-HT):  0.854 Drug-induced Liver Injury (DILI):  0.991
AMES Toxicity:  0.996 Rat Oral Acute Toxicity:  0.003
Maximum Recommended Daily Dose:  0.0 Skin Sensitization:  1.0
Carcinogencity:  0.368 Eye Corrosion:  0.0
Eye Irritation:  0.0 Respiratory Toxicity:  0.002
Drug-induced Neurotoxicity:  0.001 Ototoxicity:  1.0
Hematotoxicity:  0.985 Drug-induced Nephrotoxicity:  1.0
Genotoxicity:  0.894 RPMI-8226 Immunitoxicity:  0.272
A549 Cytotoxicity:  0.998 Hek293 Cytotoxicity:  0.716
BCF:   0.645
?
Bioconcentration factors are used for considering secondary poisoning potential and assessing risks to human health via the food chain. The unit is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].
IGC50:   3.253
?
48 hour Tetrahymena pyriformis IGC50. The unit of IGC50 is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].
LC50DM:   4.654
?
48 hour Daphnia magna LC50. The unit of LC50DM is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].
LC50FM:   3.552
?
96 hour fathead minnow LC50. The unit of LC50FM is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].

  Species Source

Organism ID Organism Name Taxonomy Level Family SuperKingdom Isolation Part Collection Location Collection Time Reference
NPO23380 Camellia japonica Species Theaceae Eukaryota n.a. leaf n.a. PMID[16926516]
NPO23380 Camellia japonica Species Theaceae Eukaryota flower buds n.a. n.a. PMID[22834923]
NPO23380 Camellia japonica Species Theaceae Eukaryota Roots n.a. n.a. PMID[30395460]
NPO23380 Camellia japonica Species Theaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[32569471]
NPO23380 Camellia japonica Species Theaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[39065796]
NPO23380 Camellia japonica Species Theaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[COCONUT]
NPO23380 Camellia japonica Species Theaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[HerDing]
NPO23380 Camellia japonica Species Theaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCMID]
NPO23380 Camellia japonica Species Theaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCM_Taiwan]
NPO23380 Camellia japonica Species Theaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[UNPD]

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP source organism data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated them from below databases:
UNPD: Universal Natural Products Database [PMID: 23638153].
StreptomeDB: a database of streptomycetes natural products [PMID: 33051671].
TM-MC: a database of medicinal materials and chemical compounds in Northeast Asian traditional medicine [PMID: 26156871].
TCM@Taiwan: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 21253603].
TCMID: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 29106634].
TCMSP: The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform [PMID: 24735618].
HerDing: a herb recommendation system to treat diseases using genes and chemicals [PMID: 26980517].
MetaboLights: a metabolomics database [PMID: 27010336].
FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].



  NP Quantity Composition/Concentration

Organism ID Organism Name Organism Material Preparation Organism Part NP Quantity (Standard) NP Quantity (Minimum) NP Quantity (Maximum) Quantity Unit Reference

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP quantitative data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated NP quantitative records for specific NP domains (e.g., NPS from foods or herbs) from domain-specific databases. These databases include:
DUKE: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
PHENOL EXPLORER: is the first comprehensive database on polyphenol content in foods [PMID: 24103452], its homepage can be accessed at here.
FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].



 Biological Activity

Molecular-level activity

Target ID Target Type Target Name Target Organism Activity Type Activity Relation Value Unit Reference

In vitro activity

Target ID Target Type Target Name Target Organism Activity Type Activity Relation Value Unit Reference
NPT20529 Non-molecular NON-PROTEIN TARGET n.a. Activity = 16.1 % PMID[22834923]
NPT20529 Non-molecular NON-PROTEIN TARGET n.a. Activity = 16.3 % PMID[22834923]
NPT20529 Non-molecular NON-PROTEIN TARGET n.a. Activity = 29.5 % PMID[22834923]
NPT20529 Non-molecular NON-PROTEIN TARGET n.a. Activity = 107.6 % PMID[22834923]
NPT20529 Non-molecular NON-PROTEIN TARGET n.a. Activity = 98.6 % PMID[22834923]
NPT20529 Non-molecular NON-PROTEIN TARGET n.a. Activity = 108.6 % PMID[22834923]
NPT20529 Non-molecular NON-PROTEIN TARGET n.a. Activity = 110.7 % PMID[22834923]
NPT20529 Non-molecular NON-PROTEIN TARGET n.a. Activity = 113.1 % PMID[22834923]
NPT20529 Non-molecular NON-PROTEIN TARGET n.a. Activity = 94.7 % PMID[22834923]
NPT2 Others Unspecified n.a. Activity = 0.3 % PMID[24571273]
NPT2 Others Unspecified n.a. Activity = -6.2 % PMID[17958396]
NPT2 Others Unspecified n.a. Activity = 8.3 % PMID[24571273]

In vivo activity

Target ID Target Type Target Name Target Organism Activity Type Activity Relation Value Unit Reference





 Experimental ADME

Experiment Model Experiment Tissue ADME Type ADME Relation ADME Value ADME Unit Reference





 Experimental Toxicity

Quantitative toxicity

Experiment Model Experiment Organism Toxicity Type Toxicity Relation Toxicity Value Toxicity Unit Reference

Common Abbreviations:
LC: Lethal Concentration; LD: Lethal Dose; LT:Lethal Time; NOAEL: No-observed-adverse-effect Level; BMDL: Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit; BMD: Benchmark Dose; BMC:Benchmark Concentration; LOAEL: Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level; RfD:Reference Dose; RfC:Reference Concentration; MRL: Minimal Risk Level; MEG: Maximum Exposure Guideline; PAC: Protective Action Criteria

Categorical toxicity labels

Hepatotoxicity Carcinogenicity Mutagenicity Cardiotoxicity Respiratory Toxicity Eye Irritation Endocrine Disruption
Hepatotoxicity Carcinogenicity Mutagenicity Cardiotoxicity Respiratory Toxicity Eye Irritation Endocrine Disruption

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP quantitative data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated NP toxicity records from domain-specific databases. These databases include:
ToxValDB: a curated database that compiles quantitative toxicity values for chemicals from diverse public sources to support toxicological research and risk assessment.
TOXRIC: a comprehensive, free-to-access, online database providing toxicological/feature data. The toxicity labels are retrieved from this database. [PMID: 36400569]


  Chemically structural similarity

Similar Active Natural Products in NPASS

Top-200 similar NPs were calculated against the active-NP-set (includes approximately 50,000 NPs with experimentally-derived bioactivity available in NPASS)

Similarity is measured using the Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) , which compares the binary fingerprints of two molecules. Tc is calculated as the intersection divided by the union of '1' bits in the fingerprints, ranging from 0 to 1, with 1 indicating highest similarity.

●  The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC302887 and all remaining natural products in the NPASS database.
●  The right table: Most similar natural products (Tc>=0.5 or Top200).

Similarity Score Similarity Level Natural Product ID
0.8878 High Similarity NPC160452
0.8081 Intermediate Similarity NPC44716
0.7692 Intermediate Similarity NPC23275
0.7456 Intermediate Similarity NPC484059
0.7456 Intermediate Similarity NPC484060
0.7451 Intermediate Similarity NPC605226
0.7387 Intermediate Similarity NPC283417
0.7387 Intermediate Similarity NPC200049
0.7222 Intermediate Similarity NPC469947
0.7222 Intermediate Similarity NPC480948
0.7203 Intermediate Similarity NPC484063
0.7203 Intermediate Similarity NPC484064
0.7193 Intermediate Similarity NPC484061
0.7193 Intermediate Similarity NPC484062
0.7156 Intermediate Similarity NPC480939
0.7143 Intermediate Similarity NPC475591
0.7143 Intermediate Similarity NPC236870
0.6983 Remote Similarity NPC265841
0.6923 Remote Similarity NPC22956
0.6852 Remote Similarity NPC64715
0.6786 Remote Similarity NPC25998
0.6757 Remote Similarity NPC187290
0.6726 Remote Similarity NPC609119
0.6724 Remote Similarity NPC277212
0.6724 Remote Similarity NPC30279
0.6695 Remote Similarity NPC488308
0.6667 Remote Similarity NPC181066
0.6639 Remote Similarity NPC271610
0.6639 Remote Similarity NPC312650
0.6612 Remote Similarity NPC302543
0.6609 Remote Similarity NPC284449
0.6514 Remote Similarity NPC118440
0.6509 Remote Similarity NPC603026
0.6505 Remote Similarity NPC164194
0.65 Remote Similarity NPC225791
0.6496 Remote Similarity NPC602995
0.6455 Remote Similarity NPC123796
0.6446 Remote Similarity NPC476779
0.6441 Remote Similarity NPC46823
0.6422 Remote Similarity NPC251768
0.6387 Remote Similarity NPC329828
0.6379 Remote Similarity NPC151543
0.6371 Remote Similarity NPC488309
0.6333 Remote Similarity NPC21691
0.633 Remote Similarity NPC30289
0.625 Remote Similarity NPC4749
0.6239 Remote Similarity NPC192791
0.6204 Remote Similarity NPC472949
0.6195 Remote Similarity NPC236657
0.6182 Remote Similarity NPC117714
0.6168 Remote Similarity NPC25605
0.6167 Remote Similarity NPC47995
0.6148 Remote Similarity NPC476774
0.6148 Remote Similarity NPC476780
0.6147 Remote Similarity NPC76497
0.614 Remote Similarity NPC301449
0.614 Remote Similarity NPC601290
0.6129 Remote Similarity NPC110700
0.6129 Remote Similarity NPC476777
0.6126 Remote Similarity NPC2370
0.6116 Remote Similarity NPC71391
0.6083 Remote Similarity NPC475140
0.6053 Remote Similarity NPC114692
0.6036 Remote Similarity NPC114304
0.6018 Remote Similarity NPC131469
0.6 Remote Similarity NPC80843
0.6 Remote Similarity NPC213674
0.6 Remote Similarity NPC469946
0.5983 Remote Similarity NPC11242
0.5983 Remote Similarity NPC480936
0.5982 Remote Similarity NPC164389
0.5965 Remote Similarity NPC95437
0.5963 Remote Similarity NPC127056
0.5963 Remote Similarity NPC109079
0.5909 Remote Similarity NPC488561
0.5906 Remote Similarity NPC476775
0.5897 Remote Similarity NPC329976
0.5893 Remote Similarity NPC480947
0.5882 Remote Similarity NPC313110
0.5856 Remote Similarity NPC263756
0.5854 Remote Similarity NPC192765
0.5847 Remote Similarity NPC605294
0.5841 Remote Similarity NPC159309
0.5841 Remote Similarity NPC86222
0.5833 Remote Similarity NPC123522
0.5814 Remote Similarity NPC279915
0.5814 Remote Similarity NPC476778
0.5812 Remote Similarity NPC120116
0.5806 Remote Similarity NPC470518
0.5806 Remote Similarity NPC178264
0.5772 Remote Similarity NPC473918
0.5766 Remote Similarity NPC157868
0.5763 Remote Similarity NPC104137
0.5763 Remote Similarity NPC26626
0.5741 Remote Similarity NPC1046
0.5714 Remote Similarity NPC470876
0.5702 Remote Similarity NPC480475
0.569 Remote Similarity NPC79718
0.5678 Remote Similarity NPC187618
0.5667 Remote Similarity NPC288205
0.5667 Remote Similarity NPC51465
0.5664 Remote Similarity NPC112352
0.5649 Remote Similarity NPC476776
0.5641 Remote Similarity NPC114484
0.5636 Remote Similarity NPC12288
0.562 Remote Similarity NPC610204
0.5619 Remote Similarity NPC31839
0.5603 Remote Similarity NPC222580
0.5593 Remote Similarity NPC291903
0.5593 Remote Similarity NPC606145
0.5591 Remote Similarity NPC258617
0.5577 Remote Similarity NPC606107
0.5574 Remote Similarity NPC478155
0.5574 Remote Similarity NPC478154
0.5565 Remote Similarity NPC40775
0.5565 Remote Similarity NPC470218
0.5537 Remote Similarity NPC470475
0.5537 Remote Similarity NPC475119
0.5528 Remote Similarity NPC477465
0.5517 Remote Similarity NPC63159
0.5508 Remote Similarity NPC281148
0.55 Remote Similarity NPC475486
0.5476 Remote Similarity NPC85154
0.547 Remote Similarity NPC297263
0.5463 Remote Similarity NPC480937
0.5462 Remote Similarity NPC324875
0.5462 Remote Similarity NPC218954
0.5462 Remote Similarity NPC292677
0.5446 Remote Similarity NPC59804
0.5431 Remote Similarity NPC10607
0.5431 Remote Similarity NPC46665
0.5417 Remote Similarity NPC480473
0.5417 Remote Similarity NPC480474
0.5407 Remote Similarity NPC33012
0.5391 Remote Similarity NPC286457
0.5372 Remote Similarity NPC207738
0.5372 Remote Similarity NPC31838
0.5366 Remote Similarity NPC252657
0.5366 Remote Similarity NPC88311
0.5366 Remote Similarity NPC473824
0.536 Remote Similarity NPC470476
0.536 Remote Similarity NPC603137
0.5354 Remote Similarity NPC82380
0.5354 Remote Similarity NPC244296
0.5351 Remote Similarity NPC473884
0.5339 Remote Similarity NPC257468
0.5333 Remote Similarity NPC8524
0.5328 Remote Similarity NPC62725
0.531 Remote Similarity NPC281939
0.531 Remote Similarity NPC56713
0.5299 Remote Similarity NPC488526
0.529 Remote Similarity NPC475368
0.5289 Remote Similarity NPC488564
0.5289 Remote Similarity NPC80986
0.5285 Remote Similarity NPC472267
0.5285 Remote Similarity NPC107536
0.5285 Remote Similarity NPC115656
0.5285 Remote Similarity NPC280029
0.5285 Remote Similarity NPC9470
0.5285 Remote Similarity NPC185466
0.5274 Remote Similarity NPC485563
0.5259 Remote Similarity NPC242840
0.5259 Remote Similarity NPC489209
0.5252 Remote Similarity NPC489208
0.5248 Remote Similarity NPC86368
0.5246 Remote Similarity NPC609281
0.5242 Remote Similarity NPC475287
0.5242 Remote Similarity NPC607904
0.5242 Remote Similarity NPC610461
0.5238 Remote Similarity NPC251263
0.5221 Remote Similarity NPC203354
0.5221 Remote Similarity NPC603870
0.5207 Remote Similarity NPC481079
0.5207 Remote Similarity NPC477075
0.5175 Remote Similarity NPC235405
0.5175 Remote Similarity NPC309780
0.5169 Remote Similarity NPC305267
0.5169 Remote Similarity NPC148603
0.5167 Remote Similarity NPC471435
0.5167 Remote Similarity NPC471434
0.5149 Remote Similarity NPC220160
0.5149 Remote Similarity NPC482010
0.5133 Remote Similarity NPC48499
0.513 Remote Similarity NPC249848
0.513 Remote Similarity NPC107966
0.5122 Remote Similarity NPC481078
0.5122 Remote Similarity NPC36831
0.512 Remote Similarity NPC268184
0.5118 Remote Similarity NPC219180
0.5118 Remote Similarity NPC135904
0.5113 Remote Similarity NPC11577
0.5113 Remote Similarity NPC141600
0.5089 Remote Similarity NPC214484
0.5086 Remote Similarity NPC470512
0.5085 Remote Similarity NPC30735
0.5083 Remote Similarity NPC470514
0.5083 Remote Similarity NPC475504
0.5079 Remote Similarity NPC79643
0.5078 Remote Similarity NPC269484

Similar Clinical/Approved Drugs

Similarity level is defined by Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) between two molecules.

●  The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC302887 and all drugs/candidates.
●  The right table: Most similar clinical/approved drugs (Tc>=0.5 or Top200).

Similarity Score Similarity Level Drug ID Developmental Stage
NPD

Bioactivity similarity

  Bioactivity similarity

Similar Natural Products in NPASS

Similarity level is defined by Bioactivity similarity was calculated based on bioactivity descriptors of compounds. The bioactivity descriptors were calculated by a recently developed AI algorithm Chemical Checker (CC) [Nature Biotechnology, 38:1087–1096, 2020; Nature Communications, 12:3932, 2021], which evaluated bioactivity similarities at five levels:
A: chemistry similarity;
B: biological targets similarity;
C: networks similarity;
D: cell-based bioactivity similarity;
E: similarity based on clinical data.
Those 5 categories of CC bioactivity descriptors were calculated and then subjected to manifold projection using UMAP algorithm, to project all NPs on a 2-Dimensional space. The current NP was highlighted with a small circle in the 2-D map. Below figures: left-to-right, A-to-E.

A: chemistry similarity
B: biological targets similarity
C: networks similarity
D: cell-based bioactivity similarity
E: similarity based on clinical data