NPASS Compound

Natural Product: NPC469419

Natural Product ID	NPC469419
Common Name ? The InCHIKey will be temporarily assigned as the "Common Name" if no IUPAC name or alternative short name is available.	Paeonidanin C
IUPAC Name	n.a.
Synonyms	paeonidanin C
Synthetic Gene Cluster	n.a.
ChEMBL Identifier	CHEMBL1078414
PubChem CID	46883513
Chemical Classification	CHEMONTID:0000000 [Organic compounds] [CHEMONTID:0000012] Lipids and lipid-like molecules [CHEMONTID:0000259] Prenol lipids [CHEMONTID:0002049] Terpene glycosides

The Chemical Classification was calculated by Classyfire, a software for chemical taxonomy calculation. Reference: DOI:10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y.

Chemical Representations

RDKit 3D 78 83 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000 0.7426 3.0476 -1.7193 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6165 3.0538 -0.5124 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.7953 4.4906 -0.0173 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.6347 4.4198 1.2113 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.4179 5.2876 1.5320 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.4309 3.1788 2.0264 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9694 2.8350 1.8818 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.3575 2.1023 0.5753 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.7588 1.9844 1.2114 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.6562 2.2786 0.0657 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.9084 2.6953 -0.9986 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.6015 3.2628 0.3505 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.8973 2.8343 0.1777 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.9899 0.6955 1.9415 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.2861 -0.3024 0.9639 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5559 -1.6166 1.2890 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5402 -1.9438 2.4843 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.8559 -2.6143 0.2572 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.1227 -3.9136 0.6156 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.4053 -4.8503 -0.3695 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.4309 -4.5323 -1.7100 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.1603 -3.2165 -2.0666 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.8774 -2.2791 -1.0800 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.7151 -5.4795 -2.6843 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7299 0.9201 0.4263 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.5911 0.8586 0.0594 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.9088 0.0300 -1.1155 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.4276 -1.3586 -0.8774 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.2622 -1.4829 0.3508 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.4364 -0.2056 1.0567 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.2606 0.5083 1.2371 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.6020 0.6533 0.7448 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.7882 0.0323 0.4683 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.2299 -0.6419 -0.6144 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.5135 -0.7687 -1.6271 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.5583 -1.2404 -0.6279 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.3963 -1.1287 0.4747 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -8.6590 -1.6856 0.4880 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9.1239 -2.3790 -0.6171 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -8.3065 -2.4989 -1.7177 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.0467 -1.9396 -1.7225 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.6049 -2.4291 1.2331 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.3577 -2.2753 -0.7804 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.6934 0.6811 -2.0700 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.3202 3.6866 -2.4879 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.2111 3.5616 -1.5389 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7027 2.0725 -2.1883 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7955 4.9192 0.1676 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.3276 5.0251 -0.8260 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.8172 3.2275 3.0541 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6852 2.0856 2.6288 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2817 3.6570 1.6918 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.2430 1.3677 -0.2393 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.0467 2.5166 -0.8944 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.1970 2.0168 0.8768 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.5597 3.6959 0.4255 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.1269 0.4013 2.5509 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.9090 0.8224 2.5488 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.1132 -4.2095 1.6633 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.6198 -5.8833 -0.1156 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.1710 -2.9259 -3.1190 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.6627 -1.2442 -1.3351 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.5722 -6.0113 -2.6131 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.9445 1.8954 -0.1292 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0751 -0.1419 -1.6594 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.9787 -1.6824 -1.7786 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.2211 -1.9799 0.1806 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.6502 -0.5410 2.1564 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.8168 1.3170 1.6621 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.3427 1.4544 -0.0173 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.0580 -0.5969 1.3408 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9.3009 -1.5853 1.3662 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10.1061 -2.8238 -0.6334 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -8.6388 -3.0281 -2.5840 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.3993 -2.0299 -2.5834 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.4322 -3.1988 0.6184 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.0549 -2.5338 -1.6701 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.7607 1.6259 -1.7924 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 2 3 1 0 3 4 1 0 4 5 2 0 4 6 1 0 6 7 1 0 7 8 1 0 8 9 1 0 9 10 1 0 10 11 1 0 10 12 1 0 12 13 1 0 9 14 1 0 14 15 1 0 15 16 1 0 16 17 2 0 16 18 1 0 18 19 2 0 19 20 1 0 20 21 2 0 21 22 1 0 22 23 2 0 21 24 1 0 8 25 1 0 25 26 1 0 26 27 1 0 27 28 1 0 28 29 1 0 29 30 1 0 30 31 1 0 30 32 1 0 32 33 1 0 33 34 1 0 34 35 2 0 34 36 1 0 36 37 2 0 37 38 1 0 38 39 2 0 39 40 1 0 40 41 2 0 29 42 1 0 28 43 1 0 27 44 1 0 8 2 1 0 11 2 1 0 9 6 1 0 23 18 1 0 31 26 1 0 41 36 1 0 1 45 1 0 1 46 1 0 1 47 1 0 3 48 1 0 3 49 1 0 6 50 1 0 7 51 1 0 7 52 1 0 10 53 1 0 13 54 1 0 13 55 1 0 13 56 1 0 14 57 1 0 14 58 1 0 19 59 1 0 20 60 1 0 22 61 1 0 23 62 1 0 24 63 1 0 26 64 1 0 27 65 1 0 28 66 1 0 29 67 1 0 30 68 1 0 32 69 1 0 32 70 1 0 37 71 1 0 38 72 1 0 39 73 1 0 40 74 1 0 41 75 1 0 42 76 1 0 43 77 1 0 44 78 1 0 M END

Standard InCHIKey	PBDROKLULCIDPL-WNKDLFHOSA-N
Standard InCHI	InChI=1S/C31H34O13/c1-29-13-20(33)19-12-31(29,30(19,28(39-2)44-29)15-41-26(38)17-8-10-18(32)11-9-17)43-27-24(36)23(35)22(34)21(42-27)14-40-25(37)16-6-4-3-5-7-16/h3-11,19,21-24,27-28,32,34-36H,12-15H2,1-2H3/t19-,21-,22-,23+,24-,27+,28+,29+,30+,31-/m1/s1
SMILES	CC12CC(=O)C3CC1(C3(C(O2)OC)COC(=O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)O)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)COC(=O)C6=CC=CC=C6)O)O)O

Calculated Properties

Physi-Chem Properties

Molecular Weight:	614.2	Volume:	583.938 ? Van der Waals volume.
Dense:	1.052	LogP:	1.502 ? The logarithm of the n-octanol/water distribution coefficients.
logD7.4:	2.019 ? The logarithm of the n-octanol/water distribution coefficient at pH=7.4.	LogS:	-3.579 ? The logarithm of aqueous solubility value.
Rotatable Bonds:	11.0	Rigid Bonds:	32.0
TPSA:	187.51 ? Topological Polar Surface Area.	H-Bond Acceptor:	13.0
H-Bond Donor:	4.0	Rings:	7.0
Heavy Atoms:	13.0

MedChem Properties

QED Drug-Likeness Score:	0.29	GASA:	1.0 ? GASA represents the probability of being difficult to synthesize, ranging from 0 to 1.
Synthetic Accessibility Score:	5.945	Fsp³:	0.516
MCE-18:	140.426 ? MCE-18 stands for medicinal chemistry evolution.MCE-18≥45 is considered a suitable value.	Lipinski Rule-of-5:	Accepted
Pfizer Rule:	Rejected	GSK Rule:	Accepted
Golden Triangle Rule:	Accepted	BMS Rule:	0
Chelating Alert:	0	PAINS Alert:	0
Colloidal aggregators:	0.332	Fluc inhibitor:	0.001 ? The fluc inhibitor value is the probability of being fLuc inhibitors, within the range of 0 to 1.
Blue fluorescence:	0.025 ? The blue fluorescence value is the probability of being blue fluorescence, within the range of 0 to 1	Green fluorescence:	0.556 ? The green fluorescence value is the probability of being green fluorescence, within the range of 0 to 1
Reactive compounds:	0.06	Promiscuous compounds:	0.011

ADMET Properties (ADMETlab3.0)

ADMET: Absorption

Caco-2 Permeability:	-6.028	MDCK Permeability:	-5.211
Pgp-inhibitor:	0.056	Pgp-substrate:	0.191
PAMPA:	0.914 ? The experimental data for Peff was logarithmically transformed (logPeff). Molecules with log Peff values below 2.0 were classified as low-permeability (Category 0), while those with log Peff values exceeding 2.5 were classified as high-permeability (Category 1).	Human Intestinal Absorption (HIA):	0.004
20% Bioavailability (F20%):	0.063	30% Bioavailability (F30%):	0.316
50% Bioavailability (F50%):	0.951

ADMET: Distribution

Blood-Brain-Barrier Penetration (BBB):	0.008	MRP1:	0.978
Plasma Protein Binding (PPB):	87.335%	Volume Distribution (VD):	-0.441
Fu:	15.208% ? The fraction unbound in plasms.	OATP1B1 inhibitor:	0.037
OATP1B3 inhibitor:	0.982	BCRP inhibitor:	0.007
BSEP inhibitor:	0.987

ADMET: Metabolism

CYP1A2-inhibitor:	0.0	CYP1A2-substrate:	0.0
CYP2C19-inhibitor:	0.019	CYP2C19-substrate:	0.0
CYP2C9-inhibitor:	0.005	CYP2C9-substrate:	0.0
CYP2D6-inhibitor:	0.0	CYP2D6-substrate:	0.017
CYP3A4-inhibitor:	0.003	CYP3A4-substrate:	0.001
CYP2B6-substrate:	0.0	CYP2C8-inhibitor:	0.304
HLM stability:	0.992 ? Human liver microsomal (HLM) stability. Category 0: stable+ (HLM > 30 min); Category 1: unstable- (HLM ≤ 30 min). The output value is the probability of human liver microsomal instability, where a value closer to 1 indicates a higher likelihood of instability.

ADMET: Excretion

Clearance (CL):

3.129

Half-life (T1/2):

1.41

ADMET: Toxicity

hERG Blockers:	0.142	hERG Blockers (10um):	0.713
Human Hepatotoxicity (H-HT):	0.051	Drug-induced Liver Injury (DILI):	0.351
AMES Toxicity:	0.423	Rat Oral Acute Toxicity:	0.155
Maximum Recommended Daily Dose:	0.522	Skin Sensitization:	0.306
Carcinogencity:	0.568	Eye Corrosion:	0.0
Eye Irritation:	0.005	Respiratory Toxicity:	0.011
Drug-induced Neurotoxicity:	0.759	Ototoxicity:	0.824
Hematotoxicity:	0.003	Drug-induced Nephrotoxicity:	0.054
Genotoxicity:	0.423	RPMI-8226 Immunitoxicity:	0.104
A549 Cytotoxicity:	0.048	Hek293 Cytotoxicity:	0.874
BCF:	0.628 ? Bioconcentration factors are used for considering secondary poisoning potential and assessing risks to human health via the food chain. The unit is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].	IGC50:	3.696 ? 48 hour Tetrahymena pyriformis IGC50. The unit of IGC50 is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].
LC50DM:	5.377 ? 48 hour Daphnia magna LC50. The unit of LC50DM is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].	LC50FM:	4.615 ? 96 hour fathead minnow LC50. The unit of LC50FM is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].

Species Source

Organism ID	Organism Name	Taxonomy Level	Family	SuperKingdom	Isolation Part	Collection Location	Collection Time	Reference
NPO30226	Paeonia albiflora	Species	Paeoniaceae	Eukaryota	roots	n.a.	n.a.	PMID[19691309]
NPO30226	Paeonia albiflora	Species	Paeoniaceae	Eukaryota	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Database[COCONUT]
NPO30226	Paeonia albiflora	Species	Paeoniaceae	Eukaryota	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Database[HerDing]
NPO30226	Paeonia albiflora	Species	Paeoniaceae	Eukaryota	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Database[TCM_Taiwan]

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP source organism data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated them from below databases:
☉ UNPD: Universal Natural Products Database [PMID: 23638153].
☉ StreptomeDB: a database of streptomycetes natural products [PMID: 33051671].
☉ TM-MC: a database of medicinal materials and chemical compounds in Northeast Asian traditional medicine [PMID: 26156871].
☉ TCM@Taiwan: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 21253603].
☉ TCMID: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 29106634].
☉ TCMSP: The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform [PMID: 24735618].
☉ HerDing: a herb recommendation system to treat diseases using genes and chemicals [PMID: 26980517].
☉ MetaboLights: a metabolomics database [PMID: 27010336].
☉ FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

NP Quantity Composition/Concentration

Organism ID	Organism Name	Organism Material Preparation	Organism Part	NP Quantity (Standard)	NP Quantity (Minimum)	NP Quantity (Maximum)	Quantity Unit	Reference

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP quantitative data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated NP quantitative records for specific NP domains (e.g., NPS from foods or herbs) from domain-specific databases. These databases include:
☉ DUKE: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
☉ PHENOL EXPLORER: is the first comprehensive database on polyphenol content in foods [PMID: 24103452], its homepage can be accessed at here.
☉ FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

Biological Activity

Activity Type	# Activity
Inhibition	4
IC50	1

Activity Type	# Activity
Cell line	5

Molecular-level activity

Target ID	Target Type	Target Name	Target Organism	Activity Type	Activity Relation	Value	Unit	Reference

In vitro activity

Target ID	Target Type	Target Name	Target Organism	Activity Type	Activity Relation	Value	Unit	Reference
NPT848	Cell line	N9	Homo sapiens	Inhibition	=	106.5	%	PMID[12880316]
NPT848	Cell line	N9	Homo sapiens	Inhibition	=	111.0	%	PMID[18070958]
NPT848	Cell line	N9	Homo sapiens	Inhibition	=	94.3	%	PubChem BioAssay data set
NPT848	Cell line	N9	Homo sapiens	Inhibition	=	80.3	%	PMID[19589625]
NPT848	Cell line	N9	Homo sapiens	IC50	>	100000.0	nM	PMID[24871162]

In vivo activity

Target ID	Target Type	Target Name	Target Organism	Activity Type	Activity Relation	Value	Unit	Reference

Experimental ADME

Experiment Model	Experiment Tissue	ADME Type	ADME Relation	ADME Value	ADME Unit	Reference

Experimental Toxicity

Quantitative toxicity

Experiment Model	Experiment Organism	Toxicity Type	Toxicity Relation	Toxicity Value	Toxicity Unit	Reference

Common Abbreviations:
LC: Lethal Concentration; LD: Lethal Dose; LT:Lethal Time; NOAEL: No-observed-adverse-effect Level; BMDL: Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit; BMD: Benchmark Dose; BMC:Benchmark Concentration; LOAEL: Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level; RfD:Reference Dose; RfC:Reference Concentration; MRL: Minimal Risk Level; MEG: Maximum Exposure Guideline; PAC: Protective Action Criteria

Categorical toxicity labels

Hepatotoxicity	Carcinogenicity	Mutagenicity	Cardiotoxicity	Respiratory Toxicity	Eye Irritation	Endocrine Disruption

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP quantitative data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated NP toxicity records from domain-specific databases. These databases include:
☉ ToxValDB: a curated database that compiles quantitative toxicity values for chemicals from diverse public sources to support toxicological research and risk assessment.
☉ TOXRIC: a comprehensive, free-to-access, online database providing toxicological/feature data. The toxicity labels are retrieved from this database. [PMID: 36400569]

Chemically structural similarity

Similar Active Natural Products in NPASS

Top-200 similar NPs were calculated against the active-NP-set (includes approximately 50,000 NPs with experimentally-derived bioactivity available in NPASS)

Similarity is measured using the Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) , which compares the binary fingerprints of two molecules. Tc is calculated as the intersection divided by the union of '1' bits in the fingerprints, ranging from 0 to 1, with 1 indicating highest similarity.

● The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC469419 and all remaining natural products in the NPASS database.
● The right table: Most similar natural products (Tc>=0.5 or Top200).

range	Tanimoto Coefficient
0-0.1	8883
0.1-0.2	36285
0.2-0.3	4401
0.3-0.4	231
0.4-0.5	21
0.5-0.6	18
0.6-0.7	12
0.7-0.8	0
0.8-0.85	0
0.85-0.9	1
0.9-0.95	1
0.95-1	0

Similarity Score	Similarity Level	Natural Product ID
0.9189	High Similarity	NPC469417
0.8642	High Similarity	NPC469418
0.7952	Intermediate Similarity	NPC469420
0.7241	Intermediate Similarity	NPC469396
0.7241	Intermediate Similarity	NPC469458
0.7241	Intermediate Similarity	NPC149002
0.6988	Remote Similarity	NPC469448
0.6782	Remote Similarity	NPC88176
0.6667	Remote Similarity	NPC469421
0.6552	Remote Similarity	NPC469422
0.6458	Remote Similarity	NPC188217
0.6437	Remote Similarity	NPC34066
0.6437	Remote Similarity	NPC190862
0.6383	Remote Similarity	NPC148185
0.6277	Remote Similarity	NPC195114
0.6277	Remote Similarity	NPC260300
0.617	Remote Similarity	NPC80360
0.6023	Remote Similarity	NPC469399
0.593	Remote Similarity	NPC478832
0.587	Remote Similarity	NPC117943
0.5686	Remote Similarity	NPC477617
0.5652	Remote Similarity	NPC293568
0.5652	Remote Similarity	NPC161626
0.5632	Remote Similarity	NPC478831
0.5625	Remote Similarity	NPC469398
0.5543	Remote Similarity	NPC222102
0.5524	Remote Similarity	NPC469397
0.551	Remote Similarity	NPC265600
0.5392	Remote Similarity	NPC478828
0.5326	Remote Similarity	NPC303429
0.5326	Remote Similarity	NPC56594
0.5253	Remote Similarity	NPC469438
0.5116	Remote Similarity	NPC471345
0.5094	Remote Similarity	NPC478829
0.5047	Remote Similarity	NPC478826
0.5047	Remote Similarity	NPC478827

Similar Clinical/Approved Drugs

Similarity level is defined by Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) between two molecules.

● The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC469419 and all drugs/candidates.
● The right table: Most similar clinical/approved drugs (Tc>=0.5 or Top200).

range	Tanimoto Coefficient
0-0.1	3334
0.1-0.2	5647
0.2-0.3	167
0.3-0.4	2
0.4-0.5	0
0.5-0.6	0
0.6-0.7	0
0.7-0.8	0
0.8-0.85	0
0.85-0.9	0
0.9-0.95	0
0.95-1	0

Similarity Score	Similarity Level	Drug ID	Developmental Stage
		NPD

Bioactivity similarity

Similar Natural Products in NPASS

Similarity level is defined by Bioactivity similarity was calculated based on bioactivity descriptors of compounds. The bioactivity descriptors were calculated by a recently developed AI algorithm Chemical Checker (CC) [Nature Biotechnology, 38:1087–1096, 2020; Nature Communications, 12:3932, 2021], which evaluated bioactivity similarities at five levels:
☉ A: chemistry similarity;
☉ B: biological targets similarity;
☉ C: networks similarity;
☉ D: cell-based bioactivity similarity;
☉ E: similarity based on clinical data.
Those 5 categories of CC bioactivity descriptors were calculated and then subjected to manifold projection using UMAP algorithm, to project all NPs on a 2-Dimensional space. The current NP was highlighted with a small circle in the 2-D map. Below figures: left-to-right, A-to-E.

A: chemistry similarity

B: biological targets similarity

C: networks similarity

D: cell-based bioactivity similarity

E: similarity based on clinical data