Structure

Physi-Chem Properties

Molecular Weight:  1110.63
Volume:  1126.55
LogP:  6.148
LogD:  2.58
LogS:  -4.019
# Rotatable Bonds:  9
TPSA:  339.38
# H-Bond Aceptor:  24
# H-Bond Donor:  6
# Rings:  1
# Heavy Atoms:  24

MedChem Properties

QED Drug-Likeness Score:  0.14
Synthetic Accessibility Score:  6.69
Fsp3:  0.778
Lipinski Rule-of-5:  Rejected
Pfizer Rule:  Accepted
GSK Rule:  Rejected
BMS Rule:  0
Golden Triangle Rule:  Rejected
Chelating Alert:  0
PAINS Alert:  0

ADMET Properties (ADMETlab2.0)

ADMET: Absorption

Caco-2 Permeability:  -6.049
MDCK Permeability:  0.00024985260097309947
Pgp-inhibitor:  1.0
Pgp-substrate:  0.981
Human Intestinal Absorption (HIA):  0.191
20% Bioavailability (F20%):  0.261
30% Bioavailability (F30%):  0.537

ADMET: Distribution

Blood-Brain-Barrier Penetration (BBB):  0.011
Plasma Protein Binding (PPB):  80.59110260009766%
Volume Distribution (VD):  0.932
Pgp-substrate:  5.209464073181152%

ADMET: Metabolism

CYP1A2-inhibitor:  0.0
CYP1A2-substrate:  0.0
CYP2C19-inhibitor:  0.016
CYP2C19-substrate:  0.05
CYP2C9-inhibitor:  0.004
CYP2C9-substrate:  0.002
CYP2D6-inhibitor:  0.002
CYP2D6-substrate:  0.015
CYP3A4-inhibitor:  0.101
CYP3A4-substrate:  0.216

ADMET: Excretion

Clearance (CL):  2.725
Half-life (T1/2):  0.129

ADMET: Toxicity

hERG Blockers:  0.001
Human Hepatotoxicity (H-HT):  1.0
Drug-inuced Liver Injury (DILI):  0.981
AMES Toxicity:  0.011
Rat Oral Acute Toxicity:  0.0
Maximum Recommended Daily Dose:  0.002
Skin Sensitization:  0.014
Carcinogencity:  0.009
Eye Corrosion:  0.005
Eye Irritation:  0.039
Respiratory Toxicity:  0.156

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General Info & Identifiers & Properties  
Structure MOL file  
Source Organisms  
Biological Activities  
Similar NPs/Drugs  

  Natural Product: NPC193280

Natural Product ID:  NPC193280
Common Name*:   Valinomycin
IUPAC Name:   (3S,6S,9R,12R,15S,18S,21R,24R,27S,30S,33R,36R)-6,18,30-trimethyl-3,9,12,15,21,24,27,33,36-nona(propan-2-yl)-1,7,13,19,25,31-hexaoxa-4,10,16,22,28,34-hexazacyclohexatriacontane-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35-dodecone
Synonyms:   Valino; Valinomycin
Standard InCHIKey:  FCFNRCROJUBPLU-DNDCDFAISA-N
Standard InCHI:  InChI=1S/C54H90N6O18/c1-22(2)34-49(67)73-31(19)43(61)55-38(26(9)10)53(71)77-41(29(15)16)47(65)59-36(24(5)6)51(69)75-33(21)45(63)57-39(27(11)12)54(72)78-42(30(17)18)48(66)60-35(23(3)4)50(68)74-32(20)44(62)56-37(25(7)8)52(70)76-40(28(13)14)46(64)58-34/h22-42H,1-21H3,(H,55,61)(H,56,62)(H,57,63)(H,58,64)(H,59,65)(H,60,66)/t31-,32-,33-,34+,35+,36+,37-,38-,39-,40+,41+,42+/m0/s1
SMILES:  C[C@@H]1OC(=O)[C@H](N=C(O)[C@H](OC(=O)[C@@H](N=C(O)[C@H](C)OC(=O)[C@H](N=C(O)[C@H](OC(=O)[C@@H](N=C([C@@H](OC(=O)[C@H](N=C([C@H](OC(=O)[C@@H](N=C1O)C(C)C)C(C)C)O)C(C)C)C)O)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C)C(C)C
Synthetic Gene Cluster:   BGC0001341;
ChEMBL Identifier:   CHEMBL223643
PubChem CID:   3000706
Chemical Classification**:  
  • CHEMONTID:0000000 [Organic compounds]
    • [CHEMONTID:0000264] Organic acids and derivatives
      • [CHEMONTID:0001813] Peptidomimetics
        • [CHEMONTID:0001961] Depsipeptides
          • [CHEMONTID:0001994] Cyclic depsipeptides

*Note: the InCHIKey will be temporarily assigned as the "Common Name" if no IUPAC name or alternative short name is available.
**Note: the Chemical Classification was calculated by NPClassifier Version 1.5. Reference: PMID:34662515.

  Species Source

Organism ID Organism Name Taxonomy Level Family SuperKingdom Isolation Part Collection Location Collection Time Reference
NPO33228 bacillus silvestris Species n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[19216517]
NPO33228 bacillus silvestris Species n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[19226154]

☑ Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP source organism data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated them from below databases:
UNPD: Universal Natural Products Database [PMID: 23638153].
StreptomeDB: a database of streptomycetes natural products [PMID: 33051671].
TM-MC: a database of medicinal materials and chemical compounds in Northeast Asian traditional medicine [PMID: 26156871].
TCM@Taiwan: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 21253603].
TCMID: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 29106634].
TCMSP: The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform [PMID: 24735618].
HerDing: a herb recommendation system to treat diseases using genes and chemicals [PMID: 26980517].
MetaboLights: a metabolomics database [PMID: 27010336].
FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

  NP Quantity Composition/Concentration

Organism ID NP ID Organism Material Preparation Organism Part NP Quantity (Standard) NP Quantity (Minimum) NP Quantity (Maximum) Quantity Unit Reference

☑ Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP quantitative data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated NP quantitative records for specific NP domains (e.g., NPS from foods or herbs) from domain-specific databases. These databases include:
DUKE: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
PHENOL EXPLORER: is the first comprehensive database on polyphenol content in foods [PMID: 24103452], its homepage can be accessed at here.
FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

  Biological Activity

Target ID Target Type Target Name Target Organism Activity Type Activity Relation Value Unit Reference
NPT137 Cell Line L1210 Mus musculus Log CR = 0.59 n.a. PMID[478555]
NPT397 Cell Line NCI-H460 Homo sapiens IC50 = 1.0 nM PMID[478556]
NPT165 Cell Line HeLa Homo sapiens IC50 = 1.0 nM PMID[478556]
NPT783 Cell Line MIA PaCa-2 Homo sapiens IC50 = 1.0 nM PMID[478556]
NPT323 Cell Line SW-620 Homo sapiens IC50 = 0.1 nM PMID[478556]
NPT83 Cell Line MCF7 Homo sapiens IC50 = 500.0 nM PMID[478556]
NPT783 Cell Line MIA PaCa-2 Homo sapiens Activity = 35.0 % PMID[478556]
NPT783 Cell Line MIA PaCa-2 Homo sapiens Activity = 60.0 % PMID[478556]
NPT783 Cell Line MIA PaCa-2 Homo sapiens Activity = 24.0 % PMID[478556]
NPT783 Cell Line MIA PaCa-2 Homo sapiens Activity = 42.0 % PMID[478556]
NPT783 Cell Line MIA PaCa-2 Homo sapiens Activity = 63.0 % PMID[478556]
NPT783 Cell Line MIA PaCa-2 Homo sapiens Activity = 12.0 % PMID[478556]
NPT783 Cell Line MIA PaCa-2 Homo sapiens Activity = 23.0 % PMID[478556]
NPT783 Cell Line MIA PaCa-2 Homo sapiens Activity = 49.0 % PMID[478556]
NPT783 Cell Line MIA PaCa-2 Homo sapiens Activity = 62.0 % PMID[478556]
NPT783 Cell Line MIA PaCa-2 Homo sapiens Activity = 19.0 % PMID[478556]
NPT783 Cell Line MIA PaCa-2 Homo sapiens Activity = 18.0 % PMID[478556]
NPT189 Cell Line Vero Chlorocebus aethiops CC50 = 67500.0 nM PMID[478557]
NPT168 Cell Line P388 Mus musculus ED50 = 0.12 ug ml-1 PMID[478559]
NPT1081 Cell Line BXPC-3 Homo sapiens GI50 = 0.0019 ug.mL-1 PMID[478559]
NPT83 Cell Line MCF7 Homo sapiens GI50 = 0.001 ug.mL-1 PMID[478559]
NPT395 Cell Line SF-268 Homo sapiens GI50 = 0.0027 ug.mL-1 PMID[478559]
NPT397 Cell Line NCI-H460 Homo sapiens GI50 = 0.0025 ug.mL-1 PMID[478559]
NPT575 Cell Line KM-20L2 Homo sapiens GI50 = 0.0008 ug.mL-1 PMID[478559]
NPT90 Cell Line DU-145 Homo sapiens GI50 = 0.0035 ug.mL-1 PMID[478559]
NPT66 Individual Protein Acetylcholinesterase Electrophorus electricus Inhibition = 16.65 % PMID[478569]
NPT83 Cell Line MCF7 Homo sapiens Activity = 56.07 % PMID[478570]
NPT83 Cell Line MCF7 Homo sapiens Activity = 25.79 % PMID[478570]
NPT83 Cell Line MCF7 Homo sapiens Activity = 18.15 % PMID[478570]
NPT83 Cell Line MCF7 Homo sapiens Activity = 16.0 % PMID[478570]
NPT76 Cell Line C6 Rattus norvegicus Ratio IC50 = 3.0 n.a. PMID[478570]
NPT65 Cell Line HepG2 Homo sapiens Ratio IC50 = 3.0 n.a. PMID[478570]
NPT179 Cell Line A2780 Homo sapiens Ratio IC50 = 3.0 n.a. PMID[478570]
NPT179 Cell Line A2780 Homo sapiens IC50 = 2180.0 nM PMID[478570]
NPT83 Cell Line MCF7 Homo sapiens IC50 = 1770.0 nM PMID[478570]
NPT65 Cell Line HepG2 Homo sapiens IC50 = 0.8 nM PMID[478570]
NPT76 Cell Line C6 Rattus norvegicus IC50 = 0.4 nM PMID[478570]
NPT65 Cell Line HepG2 Homo sapiens Activity = 40.3 % PMID[478571]
NPT612 Individual Protein Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1 Homo sapiens IC50 > 133000.0 nM PMID[478577]
NPT1249 Individual Protein Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2 Homo sapiens IC50 > 133000.0 nM PMID[478577]
NPT1028 Individual Protein Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 Homo sapiens IC50 > 133000.0 nM PMID[478577]
NPT35 Others n.a. LogD = 3.24 n.a. PMID[478555]
NPT1515 Organism SARS coronavirus SARS coronavirus EC50 = 1630.0 nM PMID[478557]
NPT2 Others Unspecified Ratio CC50/EC50 = 41.4 n.a. PMID[478557]
NPT1515 Organism SARS coronavirus SARS coronavirus Inhibition < 25.0 % PMID[478557]
NPT1515 Organism SARS coronavirus SARS coronavirus Inhibition = 50.0 % PMID[478557]
NPT1515 Organism SARS coronavirus SARS coronavirus Inhibition = 25.0 % PMID[478557]
NPT1018 Organism Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma brucei Activity = 97.3 % PMID[478558]
NPT471 Organism Trypanosoma brucei brucei Trypanosoma brucei brucei Activity = 70.0 % PMID[478560]
NPT88 Organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis FC >= 2.0 n.a. PMID[478561]
NPT1108 Organism Mycobacterium bovis BCG Mycobacterium bovis BCG MIC = 0.4 ug.mL-1 PMID[478561]
NPT1108 Organism Mycobacterium bovis BCG Mycobacterium bovis BCG MIC = 0.2 ug.mL-1 PMID[478561]
NPT17 Organism Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus epidermidis Activity < 40.0 % PMID[478562]
NPT16 Organism Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Activity < 40.0 % PMID[478562]
NPT668 Individual Protein P-glycoprotein 1 Homo sapiens Km = 1000.0 nM PMID[478565]
NPT713 Individual Protein Bile salt export pump Homo sapiens IC50 = 7200.0 nM PMID[478566]
NPT668 Individual Protein P-glycoprotein 1 Homo sapiens IC50 = 3200.0 nM PMID[478567]
NPT67 Individual Protein Cholinesterase Equus caballus Inhibition = -1.5 % PMID[478569]
NPT27 Others Unspecified Survival = 50.0 % PMID[478570]
NPT713 Individual Protein Bile salt export pump Homo sapiens IC50 = 1600.0 nM PMID[478575]
NPT713 Individual Protein Bile salt export pump Homo sapiens IC50 = 1560.0 nM PMID[478577]
NPT2 Others Unspecified Ratio CC50/EC50 = 80.0 n.a. PMID[478578]
NPT22224 CELL-LINE Vero C1008 Chlorocebus sabaeus CC50 = 68000.0 nM PMID[478578]
NPT24755 ORGANISM SARS-CoV Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus IC50 = 850.0 nM PMID[478578]

☑ Note for Activity Records:
☉ The quantitative biological activities were primarily integrated from ChEMBL (Version-30) database and were also directly collected from PubMed literature. PubMed PMID was provided as the reference link for each activity record.

  Chemically structural similarity: I. Similar Active Natural Products in NPASS

Top-200 similar NPs were calculated against the active-NP-set (includes 4,3285 NPs with experimentally-derived bioactivity available in NPASS)

Similarity level is defined by Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) between two molecules. Tc lies between [0, 1] where '1' indicates the highest similarity. What is Tanimoto coefficient

●  The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC193280 and all remaining natural products in the NPASS database.
●  The right table: Most similar natural products (Tc>=0.56 or Top200).

Similarity Score Similarity Level Natural Product ID
1.0 High Similarity NPC314273
0.9545 High Similarity NPC141325
0.9403 High Similarity NPC138435
0.913 High Similarity NPC476324
0.913 High Similarity NPC476130
0.8676 High Similarity NPC476285
0.8676 High Similarity NPC476291
0.831 Intermediate Similarity NPC476248
0.7922 Intermediate Similarity NPC246005
0.7887 Intermediate Similarity NPC478256
0.7703 Intermediate Similarity NPC472595
0.75 Intermediate Similarity NPC472594
0.7467 Intermediate Similarity NPC86064
0.7439 Intermediate Similarity NPC477728
0.7333 Intermediate Similarity NPC43219
0.7125 Intermediate Similarity NPC314466
0.7073 Intermediate Similarity NPC145748
0.7073 Intermediate Similarity NPC95478
0.7073 Intermediate Similarity NPC155670
0.7027 Intermediate Similarity NPC474299
0.7027 Intermediate Similarity NPC475808
0.7027 Intermediate Similarity NPC474298
0.7027 Intermediate Similarity NPC28348
0.7027 Intermediate Similarity NPC473985
0.6988 Remote Similarity NPC227051
0.6974 Remote Similarity NPC474403
0.6957 Remote Similarity NPC473599
0.6951 Remote Similarity NPC477730
0.68 Remote Similarity NPC472579
0.6782 Remote Similarity NPC477729
0.6716 Remote Similarity NPC321118
0.6716 Remote Similarity NPC316889
0.6667 Remote Similarity NPC315535
0.6667 Remote Similarity NPC315131
0.6667 Remote Similarity NPC478017
0.6629 Remote Similarity NPC208537
0.6629 Remote Similarity NPC270005
0.6571 Remote Similarity NPC328447
0.6543 Remote Similarity NPC316242
0.6463 Remote Similarity NPC473984
0.6389 Remote Similarity NPC471129
0.6364 Remote Similarity NPC328378
0.6364 Remote Similarity NPC29598
0.6364 Remote Similarity NPC212866
0.6351 Remote Similarity NPC145658
0.6338 Remote Similarity NPC472578
0.6301 Remote Similarity NPC477644
0.625 Remote Similarity NPC317143
0.625 Remote Similarity NPC316826
0.625 Remote Similarity NPC327748
0.625 Remote Similarity NPC321468
0.6234 Remote Similarity NPC470110
0.6234 Remote Similarity NPC10716
0.6222 Remote Similarity NPC474593
0.6222 Remote Similarity NPC475801
0.6197 Remote Similarity NPC317147
0.6197 Remote Similarity NPC318260
0.6176 Remote Similarity NPC322946
0.6164 Remote Similarity NPC329564
0.6164 Remote Similarity NPC327170
0.6154 Remote Similarity NPC474576
0.6125 Remote Similarity NPC320865
0.6125 Remote Similarity NPC477641
0.6125 Remote Similarity NPC477643
0.6119 Remote Similarity NPC80350
0.6104 Remote Similarity NPC470109
0.6087 Remote Similarity NPC471098
0.6087 Remote Similarity NPC62263
0.6087 Remote Similarity NPC173763
0.6076 Remote Similarity NPC477642
0.6049 Remote Similarity NPC178919
0.6049 Remote Similarity NPC263281
0.6042 Remote Similarity NPC220234
0.6026 Remote Similarity NPC195165
0.6023 Remote Similarity NPC476523
0.5978 Remote Similarity NPC477538
0.5977 Remote Similarity NPC474312
0.5974 Remote Similarity NPC474402
0.5974 Remote Similarity NPC470108
0.5957 Remote Similarity NPC470283
0.5905 Remote Similarity NPC63191
0.5905 Remote Similarity NPC471202
0.5876 Remote Similarity NPC475440
0.5862 Remote Similarity NPC84128
0.5862 Remote Similarity NPC53858
0.5859 Remote Similarity NPC124554
0.5859 Remote Similarity NPC5864
0.5859 Remote Similarity NPC301148
0.5849 Remote Similarity NPC472536
0.5849 Remote Similarity NPC103391
0.5844 Remote Similarity NPC41429
0.5842 Remote Similarity NPC475918
0.5823 Remote Similarity NPC306696
0.5811 Remote Similarity NPC321536
0.5802 Remote Similarity NPC477200
0.58 Remote Similarity NPC198344
0.5797 Remote Similarity NPC326283
0.5797 Remote Similarity NPC321394
0.5789 Remote Similarity NPC145627
0.5789 Remote Similarity NPC327252
0.578 Remote Similarity NPC477237
0.5765 Remote Similarity NPC37681
0.5765 Remote Similarity NPC473741
0.5765 Remote Similarity NPC477145
0.575 Remote Similarity NPC126779
0.5743 Remote Similarity NPC124549
0.5743 Remote Similarity NPC323720
0.5743 Remote Similarity NPC74035
0.5735 Remote Similarity NPC227850
0.5714 Remote Similarity NPC327250
0.5714 Remote Similarity NPC475758
0.5699 Remote Similarity NPC39290
0.5699 Remote Similarity NPC159369
0.5698 Remote Similarity NPC31756
0.5694 Remote Similarity NPC327831
0.5694 Remote Similarity NPC322573
0.5676 Remote Similarity NPC477238
0.5672 Remote Similarity NPC297220
0.5657 Remote Similarity NPC475791
0.5657 Remote Similarity NPC13175
0.5641 Remote Similarity NPC128559
0.5634 Remote Similarity NPC329495
0.5632 Remote Similarity NPC476117
0.5632 Remote Similarity NPC476243
0.5632 Remote Similarity NPC476156
0.5632 Remote Similarity NPC476137
0.5618 Remote Similarity NPC47135
0.56 Remote Similarity NPC320598
0.56 Remote Similarity NPC254541

  Chemically structural similarity: II. Similar Clinical/Approved Drugs

Similarity level is defined by Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) between two molecules.

●  The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC193280 and all drugs/candidates.
●  The right table: Most similar clinical/approved drugs (Tc>=0.56 or Top200).

Similarity Score Similarity Level Drug ID Developmental Stage
0.7273 Intermediate Similarity NPD2689 Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.7179 Intermediate Similarity NPD3160 Suspended
0.7143 Intermediate Similarity NPD1453 Phase 1
0.7027 Intermediate Similarity NPD3724 Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.6716 Remote Similarity NPD9419 Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.6667 Remote Similarity NPD7917 Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.6667 Remote Similarity NPD7918 Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.6571 Remote Similarity NPD9661 Approved
0.6533 Remote Similarity NPD2263 Discontinued
0.6484 Remote Similarity NPD8394 Approved
0.6404 Remote Similarity NPD3716 Discontinued
0.6364 Remote Similarity NPD7840 Approved
0.6176 Remote Similarity NPD9441 Phase 2
0.617 Remote Similarity NPD6428 Approved
0.6154 Remote Similarity NPD1815 Discontinued
0.6154 Remote Similarity NPD6094 Approved
0.6154 Remote Similarity NPD6095 Approved
0.6143 Remote Similarity NPD4277 Approved
0.6143 Remote Similarity NPD4276 Approved
0.6133 Remote Similarity NPD364 Discontinued
0.6125 Remote Similarity NPD2256 Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.6064 Remote Similarity NPD7844 Discontinued
0.6 Remote Similarity NPD5375 Phase 3
0.596 Remote Similarity NPD8045 Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5921 Remote Similarity NPD1151 Approved
0.5867 Remote Similarity NPD574 Approved
0.5867 Remote Similarity NPD3193 Approved
0.5867 Remote Similarity NPD3192 Approved
0.5862 Remote Similarity NPD1448 Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5844 Remote Similarity NPD1831 Phase 3
0.5824 Remote Similarity NPD4759 Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5797 Remote Similarity NPD9677 Phase 3
0.5797 Remote Similarity NPD9678 Approved
0.5797 Remote Similarity NPD329 Discontinued
0.5789 Remote Similarity NPD575 Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.575 Remote Similarity NPD4242 Approved
0.5732 Remote Similarity NPD6944 Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5732 Remote Similarity NPD3187 Discontinued
0.573 Remote Similarity NPD3733 Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5696 Remote Similarity NPD1429 Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5676 Remote Similarity NPD9433 Approved
0.5625 Remote Similarity NPD4241 Registered
0.5619 Remote Similarity NPD6421 Discontinued
0.5618 Remote Similarity NPD7345 Approved
0.5618 Remote Similarity NPD7643 Phase 1
0.5616 Remote Similarity NPD9659 Approved
0.5604 Remote Similarity NPD7759 Phase 2
0.5604 Remote Similarity NPD7760 Phase 2

  Bioactivity similarity: Similar Natural Products in NPASS

Bioactivity similarity was calculated based on bioactivity descriptors of compounds. The bioactivity descriptors were calculated by a recently developed AI algorithm Chemical Checker (CC) [Nature Biotechnology, 38:1087–1096, 2020; Nature Communications, 12:3932, 2021], which evaluated bioactivity similarities at five levels:
A: chemistry similarity;
B: biological targets similarity;
C: networks similarity;
D: cell-based bioactivity similarity;
E: similarity based on clinical data.

Those 5 categories of CC bioactivity descriptors were calculated and then subjected to manifold projection using UMAP algorithm, to project all NPs on a 2-Dimensional space. The current NP was highlighted with a small circle in the 2-D map. Below figures: left-to-right, A-to-E.

A: chemistry similarity
B: biological targets similarity
C: networks similarity
D: cell-based bioactivity similarity
E: similarity based on clinical data