NPASS Compound

Structure

Physi-Chem Properties

Molecular Weight:	274.13
Volume:	258.909
LogP:	-3.337
LogD:	-1.835
LogS:	-0.795
# Rotatable Bonds:	10
TPSA:	178.6
# H-Bond Aceptor:	9
# H-Bond Donor:	8
# Rings:	0
# Heavy Atoms:	9

MedChem Properties

QED Drug-Likeness Score:	0.308
Synthetic Accessibility Score:	2.79
Fsp3:	0.6
Lipinski Rule-of-5:	Accepted
Pfizer Rule:	Accepted
GSK Rule:	Accepted
BMS Rule:	0
Golden Triangle Rule:	Accepted
Chelating Alert:	0
PAINS Alert:	0

ADMET Properties (ADMETlab2.0)

ADMET: Absorption

Caco-2 Permeability:	-6.404
MDCK Permeability:	0.0016264037694782019
Pgp-inhibitor:	0.005
Pgp-substrate:	0.448
Human Intestinal Absorption (HIA):	0.011
20% Bioavailability (F20%):	0.353
30% Bioavailability (F30%):	0.872

ADMET: Distribution

Blood-Brain-Barrier Penetration (BBB):	0.56
Plasma Protein Binding (PPB):	8.444491386413574%
Volume Distribution (VD):	0.364
Pgp-substrate:	91.28838348388672%

ADMET: Metabolism

CYP1A2-inhibitor:	0.001
CYP1A2-substrate:	0.012
CYP2C19-inhibitor:	0.025
CYP2C19-substrate:	0.03
CYP2C9-inhibitor:	0.064
CYP2C9-substrate:	0.062
CYP2D6-inhibitor:	0.009
CYP2D6-substrate:	0.095
CYP3A4-inhibitor:	0.004
CYP3A4-substrate:	0.009

ADMET: Excretion

Clearance (CL):	2.196
Half-life (T1/2):	0.395

ADMET: Toxicity

hERG Blockers:	0.014
Human Hepatotoxicity (H-HT):	0.052
Drug-inuced Liver Injury (DILI):	0.006
AMES Toxicity:	0.036
Rat Oral Acute Toxicity:	0.002
Maximum Recommended Daily Dose:	0.004
Skin Sensitization:	0.098
Carcinogencity:	0.029
Eye Corrosion:	0.003
Eye Irritation:	0.023
Respiratory Toxicity:	0.022

Download Data

Data Type	Select
General Info & Identifiers & Properties
Structure MOL file
Source Organisms
Biological Activities
Similar NPs/Drugs

Natural Product: NPC321536

Natural Product ID:	NPC321536
*Common Name:**	Gln-Gln
IUPAC Name:	(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-azaniumyl-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoate
Synonyms:	Gln-Gln
Standard InCHIKey:	LOJYQMFIIJVETK-WDSKDSINSA-N
Standard InCHI:	InChI=1S/C10H18N4O5/c11-5(1-3-7(12)15)9(17)14-6(10(18)19)2-4-8(13)16/h5-6H,1-4,11H2,(H2,12,15)(H2,13,16)(H,14,17)(H,18,19)/t5-,6-/m0/s1
SMILES:	C(CC(=O)N)C(C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)N)C(=O)O)N
Synthetic Gene Cluster:	n.a.
ChEMBL Identifier:	CHEMBL438960
PubChem CID:	7010587 7010588
Chemical Classification:**	CHEMONTID:0000000 [Organic compounds] [CHEMONTID:0000264] Organic acids and derivatives [CHEMONTID:0000265] Carboxylic acids and derivatives [CHEMONTID:0000013] Amino acids, peptides, and analogues [CHEMONTID:0000348] Peptides [CHEMONTID:0004830] Dipeptides

*Note: the InCHIKey will be temporarily assigned as the "Common Name" if no IUPAC name or alternative short name is available.
**Note: the Chemical Classification was calculated by NPClassifier Version 1.5. Reference: PMID:34662515.

Species Source

Organism ID	Organism Name	Taxonomy Level	Family	SuperKingdom	Isolation Part	Collection Location	Collection Time	Reference
NPO30193	Mycoplasma genitalium	Species	Mycoplasmataceae	Bacteria	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	PMID[22817898]

☑ Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP source organism data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated them from below databases:
☉ UNPD: Universal Natural Products Database [PMID: 23638153].
☉ StreptomeDB: a database of streptomycetes natural products [PMID: 33051671].
☉ TM-MC: a database of medicinal materials and chemical compounds in Northeast Asian traditional medicine [PMID: 26156871].
☉ TCM@Taiwan: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 21253603].
☉ TCMID: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 29106634].
☉ TCMSP: The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform [PMID: 24735618].
☉ HerDing: a herb recommendation system to treat diseases using genes and chemicals [PMID: 26980517].
☉ MetaboLights: a metabolomics database [PMID: 27010336].
☉ FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

NP Quantity Composition/Concentration

Organism ID	NP ID	Organism Material Preparation	Organism Part	NP Quantity (Standard)	NP Quantity (Minimum)	NP Quantity (Maximum)	Quantity Unit	Reference

☑ Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP quantitative data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated NP quantitative records for specific NP domains (e.g., NPS from foods or herbs) from domain-specific databases. These databases include:
☉ DUKE: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
☉ PHENOL EXPLORER: is the first comprehensive database on polyphenol content in foods [PMID: 24103452], its homepage can be accessed at here.
☉ FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

Biological Activity

Activity Type	# Activity
EC50	1
IC50	1
Others	2

Activity Type	# Activity
Individual Protein	4

Target ID	Target Type	Target Name	Target Organism	Activity Type	Activity Relation	Value	Unit	Reference
NPT1237	Individual Protein	Oligopeptide transporter small intestine isoform	Homo sapiens	EC50	=	100000.0	nM	PMID[555277]
NPT1237	Individual Protein	Oligopeptide transporter small intestine isoform	Homo sapiens	max activation	=	77.0	%	PMID[555277]
NPT1237	Individual Protein	Oligopeptide transporter small intestine isoform	Homo sapiens	IC50	=	150000.0	nM	PMID[555277]
NPT1237	Individual Protein	Oligopeptide transporter small intestine isoform	Homo sapiens	Ratio	=	790.0	n.a.	PMID[555277]

☑ Note for Activity Records:
☉ The quantitative biological activities were primarily integrated from ChEMBL (Version-30) database and were also directly collected from PubMed literature. PubMed PMID was provided as the reference link for each activity record.

Chemically structural similarity: I. Similar Active Natural Products in NPASS

Top-200 similar NPs were calculated against the active-NP-set (includes 4,3285 NPs with experimentally-derived bioactivity available in NPASS)

Similarity level is defined by Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) between two molecules. Tc lies between [0, 1] where '1' indicates the highest similarity. What is Tanimoto coefficient

● The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC321536 and all remaining natural products in the NPASS database.
● The right table: Most similar natural products (Tc>=0.56 or Top200).

range	Tanimoto Coefficient
0-0.1	377
0.1-0.2	25867
0.2-0.3	13625
0.3-0.4	1957
0.4-0.5	475
0.5-0.6	228
0.6-0.7	110
0.7-0.8	35
0.8-0.85	9
0.85-0.9	6
0.9-0.95	6
0.95-1	2

Similarity Score	Similarity Level	Natural Product ID
0.9464	High Similarity	NPC143722
0.9444	High Similarity	NPC325985
0.9091	High Similarity	NPC38463
0.8909	High Similarity	NPC322573
0.8889	High Similarity	NPC190184
0.8889	High Similarity	NPC197087
0.8833	High Similarity	NPC325597
0.8833	High Similarity	NPC174304
0.871	High Similarity	NPC319046
0.8667	High Similarity	NPC289691
0.8621	High Similarity	NPC320598
0.8571	High Similarity	NPC126779
0.8305	Intermediate Similarity	NPC316826
0.8305	Intermediate Similarity	NPC321468
0.8305	Intermediate Similarity	NPC327748
0.8305	Intermediate Similarity	NPC317143
0.8305	Intermediate Similarity	NPC254541
0.8167	Intermediate Similarity	NPC329564
0.8167	Intermediate Similarity	NPC327170
0.8136	Intermediate Similarity	NPC176164
0.8136	Intermediate Similarity	NPC189301
0.7966	Intermediate Similarity	NPC317147
0.7966	Intermediate Similarity	NPC318260
0.7903	Intermediate Similarity	NPC327252
0.7895	Intermediate Similarity	NPC189178
0.7895	Intermediate Similarity	NPC263065
0.7857	Intermediate Similarity	NPC137958
0.7857	Intermediate Similarity	NPC273330
0.7759	Intermediate Similarity	NPC316889
0.7759	Intermediate Similarity	NPC321118
0.7719	Intermediate Similarity	NPC19576
0.7719	Intermediate Similarity	NPC29950
0.7627	Intermediate Similarity	NPC327831
0.7544	Intermediate Similarity	NPC327239
0.7455	Intermediate Similarity	NPC297220
0.7424	Intermediate Similarity	NPC118524
0.7333	Intermediate Similarity	NPC2801
0.7273	Intermediate Similarity	NPC327698
0.7273	Intermediate Similarity	NPC118459
0.7246	Intermediate Similarity	NPC328457
0.7193	Intermediate Similarity	NPC93081
0.7193	Intermediate Similarity	NPC140872
0.7193	Intermediate Similarity	NPC153370
0.7143	Intermediate Similarity	NPC315897
0.7119	Intermediate Similarity	NPC322946
0.7097	Intermediate Similarity	NPC278209
0.7069	Intermediate Similarity	NPC328378
0.7069	Intermediate Similarity	NPC112890
0.7069	Intermediate Similarity	NPC316231
0.7069	Intermediate Similarity	NPC324825
0.7031	Intermediate Similarity	NPC321419
0.7015	Intermediate Similarity	NPC325534
0.7	Intermediate Similarity	NPC329495
0.697	Remote Similarity	NPC315744
0.6964	Remote Similarity	NPC329263
0.6957	Remote Similarity	NPC472579
0.678	Remote Similarity	NPC162620
0.678	Remote Similarity	NPC43204
0.678	Remote Similarity	NPC226027
0.678	Remote Similarity	NPC174246
0.678	Remote Similarity	NPC84636
0.678	Remote Similarity	NPC62045
0.678	Remote Similarity	NPC245027
0.6769	Remote Similarity	NPC68974
0.6765	Remote Similarity	NPC470108
0.6667	Remote Similarity	NPC55274
0.6667	Remote Similarity	NPC125736
0.6667	Remote Similarity	NPC470109
0.6667	Remote Similarity	NPC319175
0.6618	Remote Similarity	NPC278881
0.6613	Remote Similarity	NPC279661
0.6613	Remote Similarity	NPC183845
0.6575	Remote Similarity	NPC476248
0.6571	Remote Similarity	NPC470110
0.6545	Remote Similarity	NPC168375
0.6545	Remote Similarity	NPC326992
0.6545	Remote Similarity	NPC121517
0.6538	Remote Similarity	NPC53858
0.6538	Remote Similarity	NPC84128
0.6533	Remote Similarity	NPC59867
0.6515	Remote Similarity	NPC177191
0.6479	Remote Similarity	NPC133183
0.6471	Remote Similarity	NPC88898
0.6471	Remote Similarity	NPC103130
0.6471	Remote Similarity	NPC226453
0.6471	Remote Similarity	NPC106216
0.6447	Remote Similarity	NPC37681
0.6418	Remote Similarity	NPC118429
0.641	Remote Similarity	NPC475542
0.641	Remote Similarity	NPC314466
0.6389	Remote Similarity	NPC478256
0.6377	Remote Similarity	NPC50047
0.6333	Remote Similarity	NPC227850
0.6316	Remote Similarity	NPC276294
0.6316	Remote Similarity	NPC167986
0.6316	Remote Similarity	NPC291186
0.6296	Remote Similarity	NPC69179
0.6286	Remote Similarity	NPC327985
0.6234	Remote Similarity	NPC191774
0.6232	Remote Similarity	NPC57420
0.623	Remote Similarity	NPC80350
0.6212	Remote Similarity	NPC11433
0.6212	Remote Similarity	NPC245346
0.6212	Remote Similarity	NPC302003
0.6207	Remote Similarity	NPC132307
0.6207	Remote Similarity	NPC325097
0.6207	Remote Similarity	NPC323974
0.6207	Remote Similarity	NPC126925
0.6197	Remote Similarity	NPC222327
0.6197	Remote Similarity	NPC188231
0.6182	Remote Similarity	NPC18188
0.6176	Remote Similarity	NPC477644
0.6173	Remote Similarity	NPC145748
0.6173	Remote Similarity	NPC95478
0.6173	Remote Similarity	NPC155670
0.6167	Remote Similarity	NPC136159
0.6143	Remote Similarity	NPC262615
0.6129	Remote Similarity	NPC329181
0.6129	Remote Similarity	NPC319110
0.6129	Remote Similarity	NPC50457
0.6119	Remote Similarity	NPC64250
0.6119	Remote Similarity	NPC276928
0.6119	Remote Similarity	NPC268927
0.6118	Remote Similarity	NPC477729
0.6111	Remote Similarity	NPC81647
0.6102	Remote Similarity	NPC208793
0.6102	Remote Similarity	NPC285322
0.6098	Remote Similarity	NPC227051
0.6094	Remote Similarity	NPC60672
0.6094	Remote Similarity	NPC322091
0.6032	Remote Similarity	NPC200550
0.6032	Remote Similarity	NPC155156
0.6026	Remote Similarity	NPC314680
0.6026	Remote Similarity	NPC316242
0.6	Remote Similarity	NPC49952
0.6	Remote Similarity	NPC141325
0.6	Remote Similarity	NPC185755
0.6	Remote Similarity	NPC136476
0.6	Remote Similarity	NPC145658
0.6	Remote Similarity	NPC213876
0.597	Remote Similarity	NPC190385
0.5965	Remote Similarity	NPC66043
0.5965	Remote Similarity	NPC237525
0.5965	Remote Similarity	NPC53449
0.5965	Remote Similarity	NPC326212
0.5949	Remote Similarity	NPC315131
0.5949	Remote Similarity	NPC315535
0.5949	Remote Similarity	NPC478017
0.5946	Remote Similarity	NPC476285
0.5946	Remote Similarity	NPC476291
0.5946	Remote Similarity	NPC477642
0.5942	Remote Similarity	NPC314510
0.5932	Remote Similarity	NPC198301
0.5921	Remote Similarity	NPC43219
0.5921	Remote Similarity	NPC138435
0.5915	Remote Similarity	NPC41429
0.5902	Remote Similarity	NPC101249
0.5897	Remote Similarity	NPC472594
0.589	Remote Similarity	NPC250953
0.5882	Remote Similarity	NPC473599
0.5875	Remote Similarity	NPC157173
0.5873	Remote Similarity	NPC315977
0.5844	Remote Similarity	NPC86064
0.5818	Remote Similarity	NPC272614
0.5818	Remote Similarity	NPC21290
0.5818	Remote Similarity	NPC116709
0.5811	Remote Similarity	NPC193280
0.5811	Remote Similarity	NPC28348
0.5811	Remote Similarity	NPC474298
0.5811	Remote Similarity	NPC322274
0.5811	Remote Similarity	NPC473985
0.5811	Remote Similarity	NPC474299
0.5811	Remote Similarity	NPC314273
0.5811	Remote Similarity	NPC475808
0.5806	Remote Similarity	NPC180402
0.5806	Remote Similarity	NPC87359
0.5789	Remote Similarity	NPC477643
0.5789	Remote Similarity	NPC320865
0.5789	Remote Similarity	NPC327250
0.5789	Remote Similarity	NPC477641
0.5781	Remote Similarity	NPC202525
0.5769	Remote Similarity	NPC476130
0.5769	Remote Similarity	NPC476324
0.5738	Remote Similarity	NPC309658
0.5738	Remote Similarity	NPC248970
0.5738	Remote Similarity	NPC306238
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPC93888
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPC170739
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPC17244
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPC322206
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPC152451
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPC63621
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPC320221
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPC193989
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPC270805
0.5692	Remote Similarity	NPC245768
0.5676	Remote Similarity	NPC306696
0.5672	Remote Similarity	NPC313263
0.5652	Remote Similarity	NPC476537
0.5652	Remote Similarity	NPC292299

Chemically structural similarity: II. Similar Clinical/Approved Drugs

Similarity level is defined by Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) between two molecules.

● The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC321536 and all drugs/candidates.
● The right table: Most similar clinical/approved drugs (Tc>=0.56 or Top200).

range	Tanimoto Coefficient
0-0.1	89
0.1-0.2	4892
0.2-0.3	3112
0.3-0.4	662
0.4-0.5	234
0.5-0.6	97
0.6-0.7	33
0.7-0.8	22
0.8-0.85	2
0.85-0.9	5
0.9-0.95	1
0.95-1	1

Similarity Score	Similarity Level	Drug ID	Developmental Stage
0.9455	High Similarity	NPD9433	Approved
0.8889	High Similarity	NPD8785	Approved
0.8852	High Similarity	NPD1429	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.8833	High Similarity	NPD348	Approved
0.871	High Similarity	NPD337	Discontinued
0.871	High Similarity	NPD4241	Registered
0.8571	High Similarity	NPD4242	Approved
0.8548	High Similarity	NPD886	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.8182	Intermediate Similarity	NPD6944	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.8033	Intermediate Similarity	NPD574	Approved
0.803	Intermediate Similarity	NPD2262	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.7903	Intermediate Similarity	NPD575	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.7895	Intermediate Similarity	NPD9205	Approved
0.7895	Intermediate Similarity	NPD9204	Approved
0.7857	Intermediate Similarity	NPD8871	Approved
0.7857	Intermediate Similarity	NPD8872	Phase 3
0.7719	Intermediate Similarity	NPD8847	Approved
0.7719	Intermediate Similarity	NPD61	Approved
0.7719	Intermediate Similarity	NPD8846	Approved
0.7586	Intermediate Similarity	NPD8851	Phase 1
0.7391	Intermediate Similarity	NPD1147	Phase 2
0.7286	Intermediate Similarity	NPD366	Approved
0.7193	Intermediate Similarity	NPD8809	Approved
0.7193	Intermediate Similarity	NPD8614	Approved
0.7193	Intermediate Similarity	NPD8808	Approved
0.7143	Intermediate Similarity	NPD1825	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.7119	Intermediate Similarity	NPD9441	Phase 2
0.7105	Intermediate Similarity	NPD7643	Phase 1
0.7069	Intermediate Similarity	NPD9044	Approved
0.7015	Intermediate Similarity	NPD8952	Approved
0.6812	Remote Similarity	NPD9451	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.678	Remote Similarity	NPD9016	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.678	Remote Similarity	NPD9017	Approved
0.678	Remote Similarity	NPD9018	Approved
0.6538	Remote Similarity	NPD1125	Discovery
0.6471	Remote Similarity	NPD9047	Approved
0.6471	Remote Similarity	NPD9046	Phase 3
0.6471	Remote Similarity	NPD9048	Approved
0.6471	Remote Similarity	NPD9045	Approved
0.6447	Remote Similarity	NPD3160	Suspended
0.6429	Remote Similarity	NPD9231	Phase 3
0.6429	Remote Similarity	NPD9421	Phase 1
0.6429	Remote Similarity	NPD9233	Phase 3
0.6429	Remote Similarity	NPD9232	Phase 2
0.642	Remote Similarity	NPD7760	Phase 2
0.642	Remote Similarity	NPD7759	Phase 2
0.6418	Remote Similarity	NPD9014	Approved
0.6393	Remote Similarity	NPD329	Discontinued
0.6379	Remote Similarity	NPD9658	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.6316	Remote Similarity	NPD8805	Approved
0.6316	Remote Similarity	NPD8804	Approved
0.625	Remote Similarity	NPD4829	Discontinued
0.6234	Remote Similarity	NPD4278	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.6212	Remote Similarity	NPD8865	Approved
0.6207	Remote Similarity	NPD9019	Approved
0.6207	Remote Similarity	NPD8798	Approved
0.6197	Remote Similarity	NPD2263	Discontinued
0.6197	Remote Similarity	NPD8842	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.6182	Remote Similarity	NPD8623	Phase 1
0.6173	Remote Similarity	NPD3733	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.6154	Remote Similarity	NPD8981	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.6154	Remote Similarity	NPD8979	Approved
0.6154	Remote Similarity	NPD8980	Approved
0.6143	Remote Similarity	NPD6437	Approved
0.6143	Remote Similarity	NPD6438	Approved
0.6102	Remote Similarity	NPD8610	Approved
0.6094	Remote Similarity	NPD9419	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.6067	Remote Similarity	NPD6428	Approved
0.6027	Remote Similarity	NPD3724	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.6023	Remote Similarity	NPD573	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.6	Remote Similarity	NPD8971	Approved
0.6	Remote Similarity	NPD8038	Phase 2
0.6	Remote Similarity	NPD8982	Approved
0.597	Remote Similarity	NPD9023	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5949	Remote Similarity	NPD7918	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5949	Remote Similarity	NPD7917	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.593	Remote Similarity	NPD3716	Discontinued
0.5921	Remote Similarity	NPD9109	Discontinued
0.5909	Remote Similarity	NPD9454	Approved
0.5902	Remote Similarity	NPD8850	Approved
0.5902	Remote Similarity	NPD8866	Approved
0.5902	Remote Similarity	NPD8867	Approved
0.589	Remote Similarity	NPD9452	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.589	Remote Similarity	NPD322	Phase 1
0.5862	Remote Similarity	NPD4261	Phase 1
0.5843	Remote Similarity	NPD8394	Approved
0.5824	Remote Similarity	NPD842	Phase 3
0.5818	Remote Similarity	NPD8210	Phase 3
0.5818	Remote Similarity	NPD8211	Approved
0.5806	Remote Similarity	NPD362	Phase 1
0.5797	Remote Similarity	NPD1155	Discontinued
0.5789	Remote Similarity	NPD2256	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5738	Remote Similarity	NPD8870	Approved
0.5738	Remote Similarity	NPD8801	Approved
0.5732	Remote Similarity	NPD1448	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPD8946	Approved
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPD8947	Approved
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPD8624	Approved
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPD8803	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPD8802	Approved
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPD9021	Approved
0.5714	Remote Similarity	NPD9230	Discontinued
0.5658	Remote Similarity	NPD5382	Phase 2
0.5645	Remote Similarity	NPD8810	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5645	Remote Similarity	NPD379	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5641	Remote Similarity	NPD9367	Discontinued
0.5634	Remote Similarity	NPD9676	Phase 3
0.5618	Remote Similarity	NPD6699	Clinical (unspecified phase)
0.5618	Remote Similarity	NPD1749	Approved

Bioactivity similarity: Similar Natural Products in NPASS

Bioactivity similarity was calculated based on bioactivity descriptors of compounds. The bioactivity descriptors were calculated by a recently developed AI algorithm Chemical Checker (CC) [Nature Biotechnology, 38:1087–1096, 2020; Nature Communications, 12:3932, 2021], which evaluated bioactivity similarities at five levels:
☉ A: chemistry similarity;
☉ B: biological targets similarity;
☉ C: networks similarity;
☉ D: cell-based bioactivity similarity;
☉ E: similarity based on clinical data.

Those 5 categories of CC bioactivity descriptors were calculated and then subjected to manifold projection using UMAP algorithm, to project all NPs on a 2-Dimensional space. The current NP was highlighted with a small circle in the 2-D map. Below figures: left-to-right, A-to-E.

A: chemistry similarity

B: biological targets similarity

C: networks similarity

D: cell-based bioactivity similarity

E: similarity based on clinical data