Plant Name: Foeniculum vulgare
Taxonomic Information:
Plant ID: NPO28295
Plant Latin Name: Foeniculum vulgare
Taxonomy Genus: Foeniculum
Taxonomy Family: Apiaceae
Plant External Links:
NCBI TaxonomyDB:
48038
Plant-of-the-World-Online:
842680-1
Used in Medicines:
Country/Region:
Madagascar; Italy; Turkmenistan; India; Rwanda; Swaziland; Argentina; Israel; Zimbabwe; Jordan; Chile; Thailand; Iraq; Philippines; Spain; Tanzania; Indonesia; Angola; Portugal; Mexico; South Africa; Lebanon; China; Kenya; South KoreaTraditional Medicine System:
Sowa-Rigpa; Indian Folk; Unani; Siddha; Ayurveda; Kampo; TCMMedicinal Functions:
Analgesic; Antiinflammatory; Antispasmodic; Aromatherapy; Aromatic; Carminative; Diuretic; Emmenagogue; Expectorant; Galactogogue; Hallucinogenic; Stimulant; Stomachic
Geographical Distribution:
Brazil; Afghanistan; Madagascar; Italy; Bangladesh; Sudan; Lebanon; Nepal; France; Bahamas; Ethiopia; Rwanda; Tanzania; Somalia; Ireland; Swaziland; Argentina; Thailand; Turkmenistan; Israel; Iran; Algeria; Cuba; Turkey; Jordan; Cape Verde; Russia; United States; Zimbabwe; China; Chile; Belgium; Germany; Dominican Republic; Iraq; Djibouti; Spain; Ukraine; Eritrea; Netherlands; Libya; Pakistan; Philippines; Indonesia; Mauritius; Morocco; Kenya; Switzerland; New Zealand; Poland; Haiti; Bulgaria; Jamaica; Romania; Albania; Angola; Portugal; Mexico; Egypt; Tajikistan; South Africa; India; Peru; United Kingdom; Tunisia; Austria; Mozambique; Colombia; Greece; Hungary; South Korea; Fiji
Example Image
Geographical Distribution
See the Plant Occurrence Worldwide with Latitude and Longitude Available
Collective Molecular Activities of the Plant
List of Human Proteins Collectively Targeted by the Plant
Click Gene ID to Access Activity Profile of Individual Target
| TSHR; | |
| FFAR1; FFAR4; | |
| ACHE; | |
| TDP1; PKM; IDO1; HSD17B2; HSD17B10; ALOX15; ALDH1A1; APEX1; POLB; | |
| CDC25B; | |
| MAPK1; CDK8; | |
| CA2; CA12; CA9; CA7; CA4; | |
| PPARA; | |
| NR1H4; | |
| TYR; | |
| CASP7; | |
| AHR; HIF1A; TP53; | |
| LMNA; FABP3; FABP5; FABP4; | |
| L3MBTL1; |
List of Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Affected by the Plant
Click Gene ID to Access Activity Profile of Individual Enzyme
Detailed Information of Target Proteins
| Protein Class | Gene ID | Protein Name | Uniprot ID | Target ChEMBL ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cysteine protease | CASP7 | Caspase-7 | P55210 | CHEMBL3468 |
| Cytochrome P450 family 1 | CYP1A2 | Cytochrome P450 1A2 | P05177 | CHEMBL3356 |
| Cytochrome P450 family 1 | CYP1B1 | Cytochrome P450 1B1 | Q16678 | CHEMBL4878 |
| Cytochrome P450 family 1 | CYP1A1 | Cytochrome P450 1A1 | P04798 | CHEMBL2231 |
| Cytochrome P450 family 19 | CYP19A1 | Cytochrome P450 19A1 | P11511 | CHEMBL1978 |
| Cytochrome P450 family 2 | CYP2C19 | Cytochrome P450 2C19 | P33261 | CHEMBL3622 |
| Enzyme_unclassified | APEX1 | DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase | P27695 | CHEMBL5619 |
| Enzyme_unclassified | POLB | DNA polymerase beta | P06746 | CHEMBL2392 |
| Enzyme_unclassified | TDP1 | Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 | Q9NUW8 | CHEMBL1075138 |
| Enzyme_unclassified | PKM | Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 | P14618 | CHEMBL1075189 |
| Enzyme_unclassified | IDO1 | Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase | P14902 | CHEMBL4685 |
| Enzyme_unclassified | HSD17B2 | Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 2 | P37059 | CHEMBL2789 |
| Enzyme_unclassified | HSD17B10 | Endoplasmic reticulum-associated amyloid beta-peptide-binding protein | Q99714 | CHEMBL4159 |
| Enzyme_unclassified | ALOX15 | Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase | P16050 | CHEMBL2903 |
| Enzyme_unclassified | ALDH1A1 | Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 | P00352 | CHEMBL3577 |
| Hydrolase | ACHE | Acetylcholinesterase | P22303 | CHEMBL220 |
| Lyase | CA2 | Carbonic anhydrase II | P00918 | CHEMBL205 |
| Lyase | CA12 | Carbonic anhydrase XII | O43570 | CHEMBL3242 |
| Lyase | CA9 | Carbonic anhydrase IX | Q16790 | CHEMBL3594 |
| Lyase | CA7 | Carbonic anhydrase VII | P43166 | CHEMBL2326 |
| Lyase | CA4 | Carbonic anhydrase IV | P22748 | CHEMBL3729 |
| Methyl-lysine/arginine binding protein | L3MBTL1 | Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 | Q9Y468 | CHEMBL1287622 |
| Nuclear hormone receptor subfamily 1 group C | PPARA | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha | Q07869 | CHEMBL239 |
| Nuclear hormone receptor subfamily 1 group H | NR1H4 | Bile acid receptor FXR | Q96RI1 | CHEMBL2047 |
| Oxidoreductase | TYR | Tyrosinase | P14679 | CHEMBL1973 |
| Peptide receptor (family A GPCR) | TSHR | Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor | P16473 | CHEMBL1963 |
| Protein Kinase | MAPK1 | MAP kinase ERK2 | P28482 | CHEMBL4040 |
| Protein Kinase | CDK8 | Cell division protein kinase 8 | P49336 | CHEMBL5719 |
| Protein Phosphatase | CDC25B | Dual specificity phosphatase Cdc25B | P30305 | CHEMBL4804 |
| Small molecule receptor (family A GPCR) | FFAR1 | Free fatty acid receptor 1 | O14842 | CHEMBL4422 |
| Small molecule receptor (family A GPCR) | FFAR4 | G-protein coupled receptor 120 | Q5NUL3 | CHEMBL5339 |
| Transcription Factor | AHR | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor | P35869 | CHEMBL3201 |
| Transcription Factor | HIF1A | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha | Q16665 | CHEMBL4261 |
| Transcription Factor | TP53 | Cellular tumor antigen p53 | P04637 | CHEMBL4096 |
| Unclassified | LMNA | Prelamin-A/C | P02545 | CHEMBL1293235 |
| Unclassified | FABP3 | Fatty acid binding protein muscle | P05413 | CHEMBL3344 |
| Unclassified | FABP5 | Fatty acid binding protein epidermal | Q01469 | CHEMBL3674 |
| Unclassified | FABP4 | Fatty acid binding protein adipocyte | P15090 | CHEMBL2083 |
Enrichment of Gene Ontology of Target Proteins (Activity≤1μM)
Detailed Information of Enriched Gene Ontolgy
| GO Type | GO Category | Enriched GO Terms | p-Value | Adjusted p-Value | Enriched Genes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MF | GO:0003824; catalytic activity | GO:0004089; carbonate dehydratase activity | 6.635E-11 | 2.408E-07 | CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7, CA9 |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0097267; omega-hydroxylase P450 pathway | 2.651E-09 | 6.413E-06 | CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19 |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0055114; oxidation-reduction process | 7.977E-09 | 1.323E-05 | ALDH1A1, ALOX15, APEX1, CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19, HSD17B10, HSD17B2, IDO1, PKM, TYR |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0006730; one-carbon metabolic process | 8.084E-09 | 1.323E-05 | CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7, CA9 |
| BP | GO:0051179; localization | GO:0015701; bicarbonate transport | 2.302E-08 | 2.783E-05 | CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7, CA9 |
| MF | GO:0005488; binding | GO:0019825; oxygen binding | 2.586E-08 | 2.816E-05 | CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19 |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0019373; epoxygenase P450 pathway | 7.438E-08 | 5.785E-05 | CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19 |
| BP | GO:0050896; response to stimulus | GO:0033993; response to lipid | 8.822E-08 | 6.547E-05 | CA2, CA9, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, FABP3, FFAR1, HSD17B2, IDO1, NR1H4, TP53, TYR |
| MF | GO:0003824; catalytic activity | GO:0070330; aromatase activity | 1.097E-07 | 7.709E-05 | CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 |
| MF | GO:0005488; binding | GO:0020037; heme binding | 1.746E-07 | 1.028E-04 | CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19, IDO1 |
| MF | GO:0005488; binding | GO:0005504; fatty acid binding | 2.163E-07 | 1.195E-04 | FABP3, FABP4, FABP5, FFAR4 |
| MF | GO:0005488; binding | GO:0005506; iron ion binding | 6.519E-07 | 2.897E-04 | ALOX15, CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19 |
| BP | GO:0050896; response to stimulus | GO:0014070; response to organic cyclic compound | 9.741E-07 | 4.242E-04 | APEX1, CA2, CA9, CASP7, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, MAPK1, TP53, TYR |
| BP | GO:0009987; cellular process | GO:0006286; base-excision repair, base-free sugar-phosphate removal | 3.769E-06 | 1.243E-03 | APEX1, POLB |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0017144; drug metabolic process | 7.017E-06 | 2.050E-03 | ACHE, ALDH1A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19, IDO1, PKM |
| BP | GO:0050896; response to stimulus | GO:0055093; response to hyperoxia | 9.116E-06 | 2.578E-03 | CYP1A1, POLB, TP53 |
| BP | GO:0050896; response to stimulus | GO:0071417; cellular response to organonitrogen compound | 1.036E-05 | 2.784E-03 | APEX1, CASP7, MAPK1, NR1H4, PKM, TP53, TSHR |
| BP | GO:0050896; response to stimulus | GO:0001666; response to hypoxia | 1.056E-05 | 2.805E-03 | CYP1A1, HIF1A, LMNA, PKM, PPARA, TP53 |
| BP | GO:0009987; cellular process | GO:0032849; positive regulation of cellular pH reduction | 1.129E-05 | 2.927E-03 | CA2, CA7 |
| BP | GO:0050896; response to stimulus | GO:0009636; response to toxic substance | 1.161E-05 | 2.973E-03 | AHR, APEX1, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, MAPK1, POLB, TP53 |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0009404; toxin metabolic process | 1.211E-05 | 3.065E-03 | CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0019433; triglyceride catabolic process | 1.568E-05 | 3.711E-03 | FABP3, FABP4, FABP5 |
| MF | GO:0005488; binding | GO:0008270; zinc ion binding | 2.151E-05 | 4.747E-03 | CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7, CA9, L3MBTL1, NR1H4, PPARA, TP53 |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0018894; dibenzo-p-dioxin metabolic process | 2.256E-05 | 4.815E-03 | CYP1A1, CYP1A2 |
| BP | GO:0050896; response to stimulus | GO:0009611; response to wounding | 2.531E-05 | 5.352E-03 | ACHE, ALOX15, CYP1A1, PPARA, TP53 |
| BP | GO:0065007; biological regulation | GO:0030641; regulation of cellular pH | 3.565E-05 | 7.188E-03 | CA2, CA7, MAPK1, TP53 |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:1902893; regulation of pri-miRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter | 3.679E-05 | 7.269E-03 | HIF1A, PPARA, TP53 |
| MF | GO:0003824; catalytic activity | GO:0008395; steroid hydroxylase activity | 4.030E-05 | 7.565E-03 | CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP2C19 |
| MF | GO:0005488; binding | GO:0001221; transcription cofactor binding | 5.211E-05 | 9.457E-03 | AHR, PPARA, TP53 |
Enriched KEGG Pathways of Target Proteins (Activity≤1μM)
Top 10 KEGG Pathways (ordered by adjusted p-value)
Detailed Information of Enriched KEGG Pathways
| Pathway Category Top Level | Pathway Category Second Level | Pathway ID | Pathway Name | p-Value | Adjusted p-Value | Enriched Genes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 09100 Metabolism | 09102 Energy metabolism | hsa00910 | Nitrogen metabolism | 1.146E-10 | 1.605E-08 | CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7, CA9 |
| 09100 Metabolism | 09103 Lipid metabolism | hsa00140 | Steroid hormone biosynthesis | 8.022E-08 | 5.615E-06 | CYP1A2, HSD17B2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP19A1 |
| 09100 Metabolism | 09105 Amino acid metabolism | hsa00380 | Tryptophan metabolism | 9.638E-07 | 4.498E-05 | CYP1A2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, IDO1 |
| 09150 Organismal Systems | 09152 Endocrine system | hsa04913 | Ovarian steroidogenesis | 2.396E-06 | 8.386E-05 | HSD17B2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP19A1 |
| Unclassified | Unclassified | hsa01100 | Metabolic pathways | 1.255E-05 | 2.510E-04 | PKM, HSD17B2, CYP1A2, ALOX15, ALDH1A1, CYP1A1, CYP2C19, TYR, CYP19A1, HSD17B10, IDO1 |
| 09160 Human Diseases | 09161 Cancers | hsa05230 | Central carbon metabolism in cancer | 7.792E-06 | 2.045E-04 | PKM, MAPK1, TP53, HIF1A |
| 09150 Organismal Systems | 09152 Endocrine system | hsa03320 | PPAR signaling pathway | 8.764E-06 | 2.045E-04 | FABP3, FABP4, FABP5, PPARA |
| 09160 Human Diseases | 09161 Cancers | hsa05204 | Chemical carcinogenesis | 1.742E-05 | 3.049E-04 | CYP1A2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2C19 |
| 09140 Cellular Processes | 09143 Cell growth and death | hsa04210 | Apoptosis | 1.411E-04 | 1.976E-03 | CASP7, LMNA, MAPK1, TP53 |
| 09100 Metabolism | 09103 Lipid metabolism | hsa00591 | Linoleic acid metabolism | 2.235E-05 | 3.476E-04 | CYP1A2, ALOX15, CYP2C19 |
| 09160 Human Diseases | 09161 Cancers | hsa05203 | Viral carcinogenesis | 6.022E-04 | 6.486E-03 | POLB, PKM, MAPK1, TP53 |
| 09100 Metabolism | 09108 Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins | hsa00830 | Retinol metabolism | 2.548E-04 | 3.243E-03 | CYP1A2, ALDH1A1, CYP1A1 |
| 09100 Metabolism | 09111 Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism | hsa00980 | Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 | 3.591E-04 | 4.189E-03 | CYP1A2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1 |
| 09150 Organismal Systems | 09155 Excretory system | hsa04964 | Proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation | 8.672E-04 | 8.672E-03 | CA2, CA4 |
Human Diseases Associated with the Target Proteins of the Plant
Detailed Information of Human Diseases
| ICD10 Disease Category | Disease Name | ICD10 Code | Associated Disease Targets (Association Ref: TTD database) |
|---|---|---|---|
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Solid tumours | C00-D48 | HIF1A; MAPK1; PKM; TP53; CA9; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Alzheimer disease | G30 | ACHE; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Cancer | C00-C96 | IDO1; ACHE; HIF1A; MAPK1; TP53; CDC25B; CA9; |
| H00-H59: Diseases of the eye and adnexa | Glaucoma | H40-H42 | ACHE; |
| F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders | Anxiety disorder | F32, F40-F42 | ACHE; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Epileptic seizures | G40, P90, R56 | ACHE; |
| F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders | Cognitive disorders | F01-F07, F04, F05, R41.3 | ACHE; |
| I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system | Renal artery disease | I70.1 | TP53; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Bladder cancer | C67 | CYP19A1; |
| N00-N99: Diseases of the genitourinary system | Endometriosis | N80 | CYP19A1; |
| NA: NA | Edema | NA | CA2; |
| I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system | Edema associated with congestive heart failure | I50, R60.9 | CA2; |
| K00-K95: Diseases of the digestive system | Xerostomia | K11.7, R68.2 | ACHE; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Renal cancer | C64 | CA9; |
| I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system | Restenosis | I51.89 | MAPK1; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Breast cancer | C50 | CYP19A1; CA9; |
| S00-T88: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes | Toxicity | T36-T50, T51-T65 | TP53; |
| H60-H95: Diseases of the ear and mastoid process | Hearing disorder | H90.5 | TP53; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Head and neck cancer | C07-C14, C32-C33 | TP53; |
| K00-K95: Diseases of the digestive system | Duodenal ulcers | K25-K27 | CA2; |
| NA: NA | Early satiation associated with functional dyspepsia | NA | ACHE; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Thyroid cancer | C73 | TSHR; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Hematological malignancies | C81-C86 | TP53; |
| A00-B99: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases | Helminth infection | A00-B99 | ACHE; |
| I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system | Pulmonary arterial hypertension | I27.0, I27.2 | HIF1A; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma | C64 | CA9; |
| NA: NA | HIV infections | NA | AHR; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Hormonally-responsive breast cancer | C50 | CYP19A1; |
| I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system | High blood pressure | I10-I16 | CA2; |
| N00-N99: Diseases of the genitourinary system | Prostate disease | N42.9 | CYP19A1; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Thyroid cancer diagnosis | C73 | TSHR; |
| W85-W99: Exposure to electric current, radiation and extreme ambient air temperature and pressure | Diagnostic test to differentiate primary and secondary hypothyroidism | W88 | TSHR; |
| H00-H59: Diseases of the eye and adnexa | Chronic glaucoma | H40-H42 | ACHE; |
| F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders | Insomnia | F51.0, G47.0 | CA2; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Melanoma | C43 | TYR; |
| N00-N99: Diseases of the genitourinary system | Urinary dysfunction | N39.3-N39.4 | ACHE; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Refractory renal cell carcinoma | C64 | PKM; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Advanced breast cancer | C50 | CYP19A1; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Myasthenia gravis | G70.0 | ACHE; |
| NA: NA | Upper abdominal bloating | NA | ACHE; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Late-stage solid tumors | C00-C75, C7A, C7B, D10-D36, D3A | TP53; |
| L00-L99: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | Vitiligo | L80 | TYR; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Colorectal cancer | C18-C21 | TP53; |
| L00-L99: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | Melasma | L81.1 | TYR; |
| S00-T88: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes | Poisoning due to pesticides and chemicals | T36-T50 | ACHE; |
| S00-T88: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes | Poison intoxication | T36-T50 | ACHE; |
| A00-B99: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases | Pediculus humanus capitis | B85.0 | ACHE; |
| F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders | Mild cognitive impairment | F06.7 | ACHE; |
| E00-E89: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases | Type 2 diabetes | E11 | FFAR1; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Lymphoma | C81-C86 | HIF1A; CA9; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Multiple myeloma | C90 | AHR; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Pain | G64, G90.0, R52, G89 | ACHE; PKM; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Parkinson's disease | G20 | ACHE; |
| H00-H59: Diseases of the eye and adnexa | Ocular hypertension | H40.0 | CA4; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Ocular cancer | C69 | APEX1; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Acute myeloid leukemia | C92.0 | TP53; |
| M00-M99: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue | Rheumatoid arthritis | M05-M06 | TYR; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Oral cavity cancer | C00-C08 | TP53; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Neurodegenerative disease | G30-G32 | ACHE; |
| F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders | Depression | F30-F39 | IDO1; |
| E00-E89: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases | Non-insulin dependent diabetes | E11.9 | FFAR1; |
| E00-E89: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases | Diabetes | E23.2, N25.1 | FFAR1; |
| H00-H59: Diseases of the eye and adnexa | Open-angle glaucoma | H40-H42 | CA4; ACHE; CA2; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Myasthenia gravis diagnosis | G70.0 | ACHE; |
>> Profiles of ingredients and activity landscape
>> Collective molecular activities profile at 10μM cutoff
>> Targets derived from weak experimental activities
