NPASS Compound

Natural Product: NPC482576

Natural Product ID	NPC482576
Common Name ? The InCHIKey will be temporarily assigned as the "Common Name" if no IUPAC name or alternative short name is available.	KQONYAOLNHWUPY-KBKYTNSVSA-N
IUPAC Name	n.a.
Synonyms
Synthetic Gene Cluster	n.a.
ChEMBL Identifier	n.a.
PubChem CID	n.a.
Chemical Classification	CHEMONTID:0000000 [Organic compounds] [CHEMONTID:0000012] Lipids and lipid-like molecules [CHEMONTID:0000258] Steroids and steroid derivatives [CHEMONTID:0001125] Steroid lactones [CHEMONTID:0001560] Withanolides and derivatives

The Chemical Classification was calculated by Classyfire, a software for chemical taxonomy calculation. Reference: DOI:10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y.

Chemical Representations

RDKit 3D 77 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000 7.5539 1.2653 1.5417 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.4417 0.3142 1.3809 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.3703 0.3325 2.1384 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.2199 -0.6064 2.0159 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.1174 -1.1501 0.6350 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.6740 -0.1627 -0.3864 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.6404 -0.7885 -1.7820 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.4183 0.5959 -0.0967 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.2527 1.5559 -1.2956 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8246 1.3599 -1.7441 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1713 0.9907 -0.4589 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1344 2.1913 0.4291 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.1595 0.3574 -0.6204 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.6210 -0.3510 0.4002 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.8285 -0.4791 1.6089 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6584 -0.3271 1.4766 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.1404 -0.0991 0.0523 C 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9016 -1.3530 -0.6963 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.9764 -0.9708 0.1988 C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.7218 -2.1590 -0.7391 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.6004 -1.5170 1.4261 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.5817 -0.5714 2.1016 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.5822 -0.0897 1.1135 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.6605 0.2613 1.5403 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.2768 -0.0388 -0.3399 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.8600 1.2508 -0.9455 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.8822 -1.1708 -1.1009 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.7936 0.0907 -0.4631 C 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.3237 0.3212 -1.8935 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.8578 0.5789 -1.9088 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.4344 -1.5739 0.2349 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.5179 -0.7025 0.3367 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.5176 -0.7770 -0.4263 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.7189 1.8693 0.6105 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.3705 1.9867 2.3471 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.5301 0.7515 1.7236 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.3140 1.0841 2.9121 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.3221 -0.1113 2.3632 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.5023 -1.4817 2.6797 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5344 -2.0868 0.6862 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.4709 0.6043 -0.4281 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.4561 -0.3605 -2.4428 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.7155 -0.5639 -2.3407 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.9002 -1.8746 -1.7508 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.6083 1.2297 0.7896 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0033 1.4120 -2.0663 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.4054 2.6239 -0.9475 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3983 2.3598 -2.0478 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6841 0.6528 -2.5593 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1759 3.1558 -0.1609 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9189 2.2718 1.1766 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.8994 2.2221 0.8867 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.2362 0.2881 2.3404 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.9890 -1.4350 2.1640 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.2029 -1.2324 1.8249 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0437 0.4940 2.1522 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1044 -1.9735 -0.1823 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4896 -1.2076 -1.7293 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.7200 -2.0583 -0.8024 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.6966 -2.6805 -0.9559 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.0968 -2.9214 -0.2396 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.2600 -1.8821 -1.6771 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.2461 -2.3947 1.1136 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.9455 -1.9182 2.1952 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.0653 0.2553 2.6175 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.1293 -1.1698 2.8583 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.8275 1.4906 -0.4890 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.1599 2.0876 -0.7908 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.9227 1.0664 -2.0395 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.3957 -1.3877 -2.0485 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.9878 -2.1103 -0.5096 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.9473 -0.8896 -1.3587 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.5374 1.0603 0.0669 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.6247 -0.5260 -2.5654 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.8977 1.1979 -2.2612 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.2897 0.0498 -2.6984 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.6977 1.6737 -2.1496 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 2 3 2 0 3 4 1 0 4 5 1 0 5 6 1 0 6 7 1 0 6 8 1 0 8 9 1 0 9 10 1 0 10 11 1 0 11 12 1 1 11 13 1 0 13 14 2 0 14 15 1 0 15 16 1 0 16 17 1 0 17 18 1 6 14 19 1 0 19 20 1 6 19 21 1 0 21 22 1 0 22 23 1 0 23 24 2 0 23 25 1 0 25 26 1 0 25 27 1 0 25 28 1 0 28 29 1 0 29 30 1 0 5 31 1 0 31 32 1 0 32 33 2 0 32 2 1 0 17 8 1 0 28 19 1 0 17 11 1 0 30 13 1 0 1 34 1 0 1 35 1 0 1 36 1 0 3 37 1 0 4 38 1 0 4 39 1 0 5 40 1 1 6 41 1 6 7 42 1 0 7 43 1 0 7 44 1 0 8 45 1 1 9 46 1 0 9 47 1 0 10 48 1 0 10 49 1 0 12 50 1 0 12 51 1 0 12 52 1 0 15 53 1 0 15 54 1 0 16 55 1 0 16 56 1 0 18 57 1 0 18 58 1 0 18 59 1 0 20 60 1 0 20 61 1 0 20 62 1 0 21 63 1 0 21 64 1 0 22 65 1 0 22 66 1 0 26 67 1 0 26 68 1 0 26 69 1 0 27 70 1 0 27 71 1 0 27 72 1 0 28 73 1 1 29 74 1 0 29 75 1 0 30 76 1 0 30 77 1 0 M END

Standard InCHIKey	KQONYAOLNHWUPY-KBKYTNSVSA-N
Standard InCHI	InChI=1S/C30H44O3/c1-18-8-10-23(33-26(18)32)19(2)20-12-16-30(7)22-9-11-24-27(3,4)25(31)14-15-28(24,5)21(22)13-17-29(20,30)6/h8,19-20,23-24H,9-17H2,1-7H3/t19-,20+,23-,24-,28+,29+,30-/m0/s1
SMILES	CC1=CC[C@@H]([C@@H](C)[C@H]2CC[C@@]3(C)C4=C(CC[C@]23C)[C@@]2(C)CCC(=O)C(C)(C)[C@@H]2CC4)OC1=O

Calculated Properties

Physi-Chem Properties

Molecular Weight:	452.33	Volume:	500.479 ? Van der Waals volume.
Dense:	0.904	LogP:	3.557 ? The logarithm of the n-octanol/water distribution coefficients.
logD7.4:	3.442 ? The logarithm of the n-octanol/water distribution coefficient at pH=7.4.	LogS:	-4.507 ? The logarithm of aqueous solubility value.
Rotatable Bonds:	2.0	Rigid Bonds:	28.0
TPSA:	43.37 ? Topological Polar Surface Area.	H-Bond Acceptor:	3.0
H-Bond Donor:	0.0	Rings:	5.0
Heavy Atoms:	3.0

MedChem Properties

QED Drug-Likeness Score:	0.328	GASA:	1.0 ? GASA represents the probability of being difficult to synthesize, ranging from 0 to 1.
Synthetic Accessibility Score:	4.876	Fsp³:	0.8
MCE-18:	93.333 ? MCE-18 stands for medicinal chemistry evolution.MCE-18≥45 is considered a suitable value.	Lipinski Rule-of-5:	Rejected
Pfizer Rule:	Accepted	GSK Rule:	Accepted
Golden Triangle Rule:	Rejected	BMS Rule:	0
Chelating Alert:	0	PAINS Alert:	0
Colloidal aggregators:	0.982	Fluc inhibitor:	0.112 ? The fluc inhibitor value is the probability of being fLuc inhibitors, within the range of 0 to 1.
Blue fluorescence:	0.015 ? The blue fluorescence value is the probability of being blue fluorescence, within the range of 0 to 1	Green fluorescence:	0.0 ? The green fluorescence value is the probability of being green fluorescence, within the range of 0 to 1
Reactive compounds:	0.506	Promiscuous compounds:	0.265

ADMET Properties (ADMETlab3.0)

ADMET: Absorption

Caco-2 Permeability:	-5.033	MDCK Permeability:	-4.806
Pgp-inhibitor:	0.988	Pgp-substrate:	0.001
PAMPA:	0.161 ? The experimental data for Peff was logarithmically transformed (logPeff). Molecules with log Peff values below 2.0 were classified as low-permeability (Category 0), while those with log Peff values exceeding 2.5 were classified as high-permeability (Category 1).	Human Intestinal Absorption (HIA):	0.0
20% Bioavailability (F20%):	0.059	30% Bioavailability (F30%):	0.241
50% Bioavailability (F50%):	0.981

ADMET: Distribution

Blood-Brain-Barrier Penetration (BBB):	0.0	MRP1:	0.902
Plasma Protein Binding (PPB):	94.826%	Volume Distribution (VD):	0.403
Fu:	5.815% ? The fraction unbound in plasms.	OATP1B1 inhibitor:	1.0
OATP1B3 inhibitor:	1.0	BCRP inhibitor:	0.214
BSEP inhibitor:	0.999

ADMET: Metabolism

CYP1A2-inhibitor:	1.0	CYP1A2-substrate:	0.002
CYP2C19-inhibitor:	1.0	CYP2C19-substrate:	0.001
CYP2C9-inhibitor:	0.018	CYP2C9-substrate:	0.0
CYP2D6-inhibitor:	0.0	CYP2D6-substrate:	0.998
CYP3A4-inhibitor:	1.0	CYP3A4-substrate:	0.971
CYP2B6-substrate:	0.008	CYP2C8-inhibitor:	1.0
HLM stability:	0.984 ? Human liver microsomal (HLM) stability. Category 0: stable+ (HLM > 30 min); Category 1: unstable- (HLM ≤ 30 min). The output value is the probability of human liver microsomal instability, where a value closer to 1 indicates a higher likelihood of instability.

ADMET: Excretion

Clearance (CL):

10.256

Half-life (T1/2):

0.336

ADMET: Toxicity

hERG Blockers:	0.02	hERG Blockers (10um):	0.121
Human Hepatotoxicity (H-HT):	0.642	Drug-induced Liver Injury (DILI):	0.381
AMES Toxicity:	0.181	Rat Oral Acute Toxicity:	0.124
Maximum Recommended Daily Dose:	0.513	Skin Sensitization:	0.983
Carcinogencity:	0.937	Eye Corrosion:	0.423
Eye Irritation:	0.909	Respiratory Toxicity:	0.736
Drug-induced Neurotoxicity:	0.064	Ototoxicity:	0.449
Hematotoxicity:	0.825	Drug-induced Nephrotoxicity:	0.908
Genotoxicity:	0.451	RPMI-8226 Immunitoxicity:	0.051
A549 Cytotoxicity:	0.157	Hek293 Cytotoxicity:	0.343
BCF:	1.859 ? Bioconcentration factors are used for considering secondary poisoning potential and assessing risks to human health via the food chain. The unit is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].	IGC50:	4.346 ? 48 hour Tetrahymena pyriformis IGC50. The unit of IGC50 is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].
LC50DM:	5.594 ? 48 hour Daphnia magna LC50. The unit of LC50DM is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].	LC50FM:	5.193 ? 96 hour fathead minnow LC50. The unit of LC50FM is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].

Species Source

Organism ID	Organism Name	Taxonomy Level	Family	SuperKingdom	Isolation Part	Collection Location	Collection Time	Reference
NPO40139	Ganoderma colossus	Species	Polyporaceae	Eukaryota	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	PMID[32639735]
NPO40139	Ganoderma colossus	Species	Polyporaceae	Eukaryota	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Database[COCONUT]

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP source organism data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated them from below databases:
☉ UNPD: Universal Natural Products Database [PMID: 23638153].
☉ StreptomeDB: a database of streptomycetes natural products [PMID: 33051671].
☉ TM-MC: a database of medicinal materials and chemical compounds in Northeast Asian traditional medicine [PMID: 26156871].
☉ TCM@Taiwan: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 21253603].
☉ TCMID: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 29106634].
☉ TCMSP: The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform [PMID: 24735618].
☉ HerDing: a herb recommendation system to treat diseases using genes and chemicals [PMID: 26980517].
☉ MetaboLights: a metabolomics database [PMID: 27010336].
☉ FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

NP Quantity Composition/Concentration

Organism ID	Organism Name	Organism Material Preparation	Organism Part	NP Quantity (Standard)	NP Quantity (Minimum)	NP Quantity (Maximum)	Quantity Unit	Reference

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP quantitative data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated NP quantitative records for specific NP domains (e.g., NPS from foods or herbs) from domain-specific databases. These databases include:
☉ DUKE: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
☉ PHENOL EXPLORER: is the first comprehensive database on polyphenol content in foods [PMID: 24103452], its homepage can be accessed at here.
☉ FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

Biological Activity

Activity Type	# Activity
IC50	2
MIC	1

Activity Type	# Activity
Cell line	1
Organism	2

Molecular-level activity

Target ID	Target Type	Target Name	Target Organism	Activity Type	Activity Relation	Value	Unit	Reference

In vitro activity

Target ID	Target Type	Target Name	Target Organism	Activity Type	Activity Relation	Value	Unit	Reference
NPT189	Cell line	Vero	Chlorocebus aethiops	IC50	>	50.0	ug.mL-1	PMID[32639735]
NPT6	Organism	Plasmodium falciparum	Plasmodium falciparum	IC50	=	3.6	ug.mL-1	PMID[32639735]
NPT88	Organism	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	MIC	>	50.0	ug.mL-1	PMID[32639735]

In vivo activity

Target ID	Target Type	Target Name	Target Organism	Activity Type	Activity Relation	Value	Unit	Reference

Experimental ADME

Experiment Model	Experiment Tissue	ADME Type	ADME Relation	ADME Value	ADME Unit	Reference

Experimental Toxicity

Quantitative toxicity

Experiment Model	Experiment Organism	Toxicity Type	Toxicity Relation	Toxicity Value	Toxicity Unit	Reference

Common Abbreviations:
LC: Lethal Concentration; LD: Lethal Dose; LT:Lethal Time; NOAEL: No-observed-adverse-effect Level; BMDL: Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit; BMD: Benchmark Dose; BMC:Benchmark Concentration; LOAEL: Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level; RfD:Reference Dose; RfC:Reference Concentration; MRL: Minimal Risk Level; MEG: Maximum Exposure Guideline; PAC: Protective Action Criteria

Categorical toxicity labels

Hepatotoxicity	Carcinogenicity	Mutagenicity	Cardiotoxicity	Respiratory Toxicity	Eye Irritation	Endocrine Disruption

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP quantitative data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated NP toxicity records from domain-specific databases. These databases include:
☉ ToxValDB: a curated database that compiles quantitative toxicity values for chemicals from diverse public sources to support toxicological research and risk assessment.
☉ TOXRIC: a comprehensive, free-to-access, online database providing toxicological/feature data. The toxicity labels are retrieved from this database. [PMID: 36400569]

Chemically structural similarity

Similar Active Natural Products in NPASS

Top-200 similar NPs were calculated against the active-NP-set (includes approximately 50,000 NPs with experimentally-derived bioactivity available in NPASS)

Similarity is measured using the Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) , which compares the binary fingerprints of two molecules. Tc is calculated as the intersection divided by the union of '1' bits in the fingerprints, ranging from 0 to 1, with 1 indicating highest similarity.

● The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC482576 and all remaining natural products in the NPASS database.
● The right table: Most similar natural products (Tc>=0.5 or Top200).

range	Tanimoto Coefficient
0-0.1	23146
0.1-0.2	22871
0.2-0.3	3449
0.3-0.4	295
0.4-0.5	67
0.5-0.6	19
0.6-0.7	7
0.7-0.8	0
0.8-0.85	0
0.85-0.9	0
0.9-0.95	0
0.95-1	0

Similarity Score	Similarity Level	Natural Product ID
0.7619	Intermediate Similarity	NPC486186
0.7213	Intermediate Similarity	NPC109512
0.7121	Intermediate Similarity	NPC69982
0.6984	Remote Similarity	NPC486193
0.6462	Remote Similarity	NPC219495
0.6308	Remote Similarity	NPC482575
0.6308	Remote Similarity	NPC486198
0.6269	Remote Similarity	NPC479662
0.6119	Remote Similarity	NPC486197
0.6	Remote Similarity	NPC474083
0.5775	Remote Similarity	NPC11903
0.5541	Remote Similarity	NPC478297
0.5522	Remote Similarity	NPC606148
0.5507	Remote Similarity	NPC142253
0.5507	Remote Similarity	NPC3511
0.5417	Remote Similarity	NPC479661
0.5395	Remote Similarity	NPC478299
0.5325	Remote Similarity	NPC478311
0.5278	Remote Similarity	NPC489792
0.5256	Remote Similarity	NPC478309
0.5256	Remote Similarity	NPC162033
0.5211	Remote Similarity	NPC486187
0.5211	Remote Similarity	NPC486191
0.52	Remote Similarity	NPC95779
0.52	Remote Similarity	NPC475320
0.5143	Remote Similarity	NPC201912
0.5143	Remote Similarity	NPC38350
0.5143	Remote Similarity	NPC601139
0.5063	Remote Similarity	NPC482572

Similar Clinical/Approved Drugs

Similarity level is defined by Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) between two molecules.

● The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC482576 and all drugs/candidates.
● The right table: Most similar clinical/approved drugs (Tc>=0.5 or Top200).

range	Tanimoto Coefficient
0-0.1	7308
0.1-0.2	1721
0.2-0.3	121
0.3-0.4	0
0.4-0.5	0
0.5-0.6	0
0.6-0.7	0
0.7-0.8	0
0.8-0.85	0
0.85-0.9	0
0.9-0.95	0
0.95-1	0

Similarity Score	Similarity Level	Drug ID	Developmental Stage
		NPD

Bioactivity similarity

Similar Natural Products in NPASS

Similarity level is defined by Bioactivity similarity was calculated based on bioactivity descriptors of compounds. The bioactivity descriptors were calculated by a recently developed AI algorithm Chemical Checker (CC) [Nature Biotechnology, 38:1087–1096, 2020; Nature Communications, 12:3932, 2021], which evaluated bioactivity similarities at five levels:
☉ A: chemistry similarity;
☉ B: biological targets similarity;
☉ C: networks similarity;
☉ D: cell-based bioactivity similarity;
☉ E: similarity based on clinical data.
Those 5 categories of CC bioactivity descriptors were calculated and then subjected to manifold projection using UMAP algorithm, to project all NPs on a 2-Dimensional space. The current NP was highlighted with a small circle in the 2-D map. Below figures: left-to-right, A-to-E.

A: chemistry similarity

B: biological targets similarity

C: networks similarity

D: cell-based bioactivity similarity

E: similarity based on clinical data