Plant Name: Plantago major
Taxonomic Information:
Plant ID: NPO21324
Plant Latin Name: Plantago major
Taxonomy Genus: Plantago
Taxonomy Family: Plantaginaceae
Plant External Links:
NCBI TaxonomyDB:
29818
Plant-of-the-World-Online:
321286-2
Used in Medicines:
Country/Region:
Turkey; Italy; Turkmenistan; Lebanon; Lithuania; Rwanda; Laos; China; Thailand; Philippines; Indonesia; Tanzania; Finland; United States; Sweden; Vietnam; Russia; Albania; Portugal; South Africa; India; Malaysia; KenyaTraditional Medicine System:
Indian Folk; Unani; Siddha; Ayurveda; TCM; HomeopathyMedicinal Functions:
Antidote; Astringent; Demulcent; Deobstruent; Depurative; Diuretic; Expectorant; Haemostatic; Laxative; Ophthalmic; Poultice; Refrigerant; Vermifuge
Geographical Distribution:
Brazil; Canada; Italy; Peru; Lebanon; Lithuania; Costa Rica; Cambodia; France; Bahamas; Ethiopia; Netherlands; Tanzania; Ireland; Laos; Bolivia; Norway; Thailand; Ecuador; Turkmenistan; Belarus; Algeria; Cuba; Iceland; Venezuela; Malaysia; Cape Verde; Russia; United States; Trinidad and Tobago; Zimbabwe; China; Vietnam; Belgium; Germany; Dominican Republic; Belize; Poland; Spain; Ukraine; Eritrea; Indonesia; Pakistan; Denmark; Philippines; Finland; New Caledonia; Turkey; Mauritius; Morocco; Sweden; Seychelles; Namibia; Kenya; Switzerland; Honduras; Haiti; Bulgaria; Jamaica; Romania; Albania; Angola; Portugal; Mexico; Egypt; South Africa; India; United Kingdom; Lesotho; Austria; Rwanda; Tunisia; Colombia; Greece; Hungary; Fiji; Zambia
Example Image
Geographical Distribution
See the Plant Occurrence Worldwide with Latitude and Longitude Available
Collective Molecular Activities of the Plant
List of Human Proteins Collectively Targeted by the Plant
Click Gene ID to Access Activity Profile of Individual Target
| FFAR1; FFAR4; | |
| ACHE; | |
| CDC25B; | |
| FLT3; MAPK1; | |
| CA2; CA12; CA7; CA4; | |
| PPARA; | |
| NR1H4; | |
| RXRA; | |
| NOX4; ALOX15; | |
| MMP12; | |
| HIF1A; | |
| LMNA; FABP3; FABP5; FABP4; | |
| L3MBTL1; |
List of Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Affected by the Plant
Click Gene ID to Access Activity Profile of Individual Enzyme
Detailed Information of Target Proteins
| Protein Class | Gene ID | Protein Name | Uniprot ID | Target ChEMBL ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytochrome P450 family 1 | CYP1A2 | Cytochrome P450 1A2 | P05177 | CHEMBL3356 |
| Cytochrome P450 family 1 | CYP1B1 | Cytochrome P450 1B1 | Q16678 | CHEMBL4878 |
| Cytochrome P450 family 1 | CYP1A1 | Cytochrome P450 1A1 | P04798 | CHEMBL2231 |
| Enzyme_unclassified | NOX4 | NADPH oxidase 4 | Q9NPH5 | CHEMBL1250375 |
| Enzyme_unclassified | ALOX15 | Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase | P16050 | CHEMBL2903 |
| Hydrolase | ACHE | Acetylcholinesterase | P22303 | CHEMBL220 |
| Lyase | CA2 | Carbonic anhydrase II | P00918 | CHEMBL205 |
| Lyase | CA12 | Carbonic anhydrase XII | O43570 | CHEMBL3242 |
| Lyase | CA7 | Carbonic anhydrase VII | P43166 | CHEMBL2326 |
| Lyase | CA4 | Carbonic anhydrase IV | P22748 | CHEMBL3729 |
| Metallo protease | MMP12 | Matrix metalloproteinase 12 | P39900 | CHEMBL4393 |
| Methyl-lysine/arginine binding protein | L3MBTL1 | Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 | Q9Y468 | CHEMBL1287622 |
| Nuclear hormone receptor subfamily 1 group C | PPARA | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha | Q07869 | CHEMBL239 |
| Nuclear hormone receptor subfamily 1 group H | NR1H4 | Bile acid receptor FXR | Q96RI1 | CHEMBL2047 |
| Nuclear hormone receptor subfamily 2 group B | RXRA | Retinoid X receptor alpha | P19793 | CHEMBL2061 |
| Protein Kinase | FLT3 | Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor FLT3 | P36888 | CHEMBL1974 |
| Protein Kinase | MAPK1 | MAP kinase ERK2 | P28482 | CHEMBL4040 |
| Protein Phosphatase | CDC25B | Dual specificity phosphatase Cdc25B | P30305 | CHEMBL4804 |
| Small molecule receptor (family A GPCR) | FFAR1 | Free fatty acid receptor 1 | O14842 | CHEMBL4422 |
| Small molecule receptor (family A GPCR) | FFAR4 | G-protein coupled receptor 120 | Q5NUL3 | CHEMBL5339 |
| Transcription Factor | HIF1A | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha | Q16665 | CHEMBL4261 |
| Unclassified | LMNA | Prelamin-A/C | P02545 | CHEMBL1293235 |
| Unclassified | FABP3 | Fatty acid binding protein muscle | P05413 | CHEMBL3344 |
| Unclassified | FABP5 | Fatty acid binding protein epidermal | Q01469 | CHEMBL3674 |
| Unclassified | FABP4 | Fatty acid binding protein adipocyte | P15090 | CHEMBL2083 |
Enrichment of Gene Ontology of Target Proteins (Activity≤1μM)
Detailed Information of Enriched Gene Ontolgy
| GO Type | GO Category | Enriched GO Terms | p-Value | Adjusted p-Value | Enriched Genes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MF | GO:0003824; catalytic activity | GO:0004089; carbonate dehydratase activity | 2.949E-09 | 1.070E-05 | CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7 |
| MF | GO:0005488; binding | GO:0005504; fatty acid binding | 3.753E-08 | 9.080E-05 | FABP3, FABP4, FABP5, FFAR4 |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0006730; one-carbon metabolic process | 1.250E-07 | 1.543E-04 | CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7 |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0097267; omega-hydroxylase P450 pathway | 2.284E-07 | 2.073E-04 | CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 |
| BP | GO:0051179; localization | GO:0015701; bicarbonate transport | 2.860E-07 | 2.224E-04 | CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7 |
| MF | GO:0005488; binding | GO:0019825; oxygen binding | 3.136E-07 | 2.355E-04 | CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, NOX4 |
| MF | GO:0005488; binding | GO:0008270; zinc ion binding | 4.412E-07 | 3.099E-04 | CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7, L3MBTL1, MMP12, NR1H4, PPARA, RXRA |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0019373; epoxygenase P450 pathway | 2.508E-06 | 1.050E-03 | CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 |
| BP | GO:0065007; biological regulation | GO:0010817; regulation of hormone levels | 2.695E-06 | 1.107E-03 | ACHE, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, FFAR1, FFAR4, HIF1A, NR1H4 |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0009404; toxin metabolic process | 3.334E-06 | 1.296E-03 | CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 |
| MF | GO:0003824; catalytic activity | GO:0070330; aromatase activity | 3.334E-06 | 1.296E-03 | CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0019433; triglyceride catabolic process | 4.323E-06 | 1.569E-03 | FABP3, FABP4, FABP5 |
| BP | GO:0009987; cellular process | GO:0032849; positive regulation of cellular pH reduction | 4.821E-06 | 1.688E-03 | CA2, CA7 |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0018894; dibenzo-p-dioxin metabolic process | 9.634E-06 | 2.655E-03 | CYP1A1, CYP1A2 |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0008202; steroid metabolic process | 1.415E-05 | 3.713E-03 | CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, NR1H4, RXRA |
| BP | GO:0050896; response to stimulus | GO:0001666; response to hypoxia | 1.779E-05 | 4.418E-03 | CYP1A1, HIF1A, LMNA, NOX4, PPARA |
| BP | GO:0065007; biological regulation | GO:0055081; anion homeostasis | 1.976E-05 | 4.782E-03 | CA12, FABP3, NR1H4 |
| MF | GO:0005488; binding | GO:0020037; heme binding | 2.089E-05 | 4.945E-03 | CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, NOX4 |
| BP | GO:0051179; localization | GO:0015718; monocarboxylic acid transport | 2.358E-05 | 5.405E-03 | FABP3, NR1H4, PPARA, RXRA |
| MF | GO:0140110; transcription regulator activity | GO:0004879; nuclear receptor activity | 3.392E-05 | 7.172E-03 | NR1H4, PPARA, RXRA |
| BP | GO:0050896; response to stimulus | GO:0010243; response to organonitrogen compound | 3.730E-05 | 7.736E-03 | FABP3, FFAR4, FLT3, MAPK1, NOX4, NR1H4, PPARA |
| BP | GO:0008152; metabolic process | GO:0050665; hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process | 4.482E-05 | 8.871E-03 | CYP1A1, CYP1A2 |
| BP | GO:0065007; biological regulation | GO:0042593; glucose homeostasis | 4.887E-05 | 9.501E-03 | FFAR1, HIF1A, NOX4, NR1H4 |
| MF | GO:0005488; binding | GO:0005506; iron ion binding | 5.008E-05 | 9.650E-03 | ALOX15, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 |
Enriched KEGG Pathways of Target Proteins (Activity≤1μM)
Top 10 KEGG Pathways (ordered by adjusted p-value)
Detailed Information of Enriched KEGG Pathways
| Pathway Category Top Level | Pathway Category Second Level | Pathway ID | Pathway Name | p-Value | Adjusted p-Value | Enriched Genes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 09150 Organismal Systems | 09152 Endocrine system | hsa03320 | PPAR signaling pathway | 2.124E-08 | 1.264E-06 | FABP3, RXRA, FABP4, FABP5, PPARA |
| 09100 Metabolism | 09102 Energy metabolism | hsa00910 | Nitrogen metabolism | 4.468E-09 | 5.317E-07 | CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7 |
| 09100 Metabolism | 09105 Amino acid metabolism | hsa00380 | Tryptophan metabolism | 1.653E-05 | 6.558E-04 | CYP1A2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1 |
| 09160 Human Diseases | 09161 Cancers | hsa05230 | Central carbon metabolism in cancer | 7.840E-05 | 1.722E-03 | FLT3, MAPK1, HIF1A |
| 09100 Metabolism | 09103 Lipid metabolism | hsa00140 | Steroid hormone biosynthesis | 5.087E-05 | 1.513E-03 | CYP1A2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1 |
| 09100 Metabolism | 09111 Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism | hsa00980 | Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 | 1.013E-04 | 1.722E-03 | CYP1A2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1 |
| 09150 Organismal Systems | 09154 Digestive system | hsa04976 | Bile secretion | 9.323E-05 | 1.722E-03 | RXRA, CA2, NR1H4 |
| 09160 Human Diseases | 09161 Cancers | hsa05204 | Chemical carcinogenesis | 1.431E-04 | 2.129E-03 | CYP1A2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1 |
| 09150 Organismal Systems | 09152 Endocrine system | hsa04919 | Thyroid hormone signaling pathway | 4.188E-04 | 4.984E-03 | RXRA, MAPK1, HIF1A |
| 09160 Human Diseases | 09167 Infectious diseases | hsa05160 | Hepatitis C | 5.941E-04 | 5.461E-03 | RXRA, MAPK1, PPARA |
| 09160 Human Diseases | 09161 Cancers | hsa05216 | Thyroid cancer | 5.966E-04 | 5.461E-03 | RXRA, MAPK1 |
| 09150 Organismal Systems | 09155 Excretory system | hsa04964 | Proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation | 3.735E-04 | 4.938E-03 | CA2, CA4 |
| 09100 Metabolism | 09103 Lipid metabolism | hsa00591 | Linoleic acid metabolism | 5.966E-04 | 5.461E-03 | CYP1A2, ALOX15 |
Human Diseases Associated with the Target Proteins of the Plant
Detailed Information of Human Diseases
| ICD10 Disease Category | Disease Name | ICD10 Code | Associated Disease Targets (Association Ref: TTD database) |
|---|---|---|---|
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Cancer | C00-C96 | FLT3; ACHE; HIF1A; MAPK1; CDC25B; |
| H00-H59: Diseases of the eye and adnexa | Open-angle glaucoma | H40-H42 | CA4; ACHE; CA2; |
| H00-H59: Diseases of the eye and adnexa | Ocular hypertension | H40.0 | CA4; |
| I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system | Atherosclerosis | I70 | MMP12; |
| J00-J99: Diseases of the respiratory system | Asthma | J45 | MMP12; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Glioblastoma | NA | FLT3; |
| H00-H59: Diseases of the eye and adnexa | Glaucoma | H40-H42 | ACHE; |
| NA: NA | GIST | NA | FLT3; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Leukemia | C90-C95 | FLT3; |
| A00-B99: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases | Human immunodeficiency virus infection | B20-B26 | FLT3; |
| L00-L99: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue | Psoriasis | L40 | FLT3; |
| F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders | Mild cognitive impairment | F06.7 | ACHE; |
| A00-B99: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases | Pediculus humanus capitis | B85.0 | ACHE; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Pancreatic cancer | C25 | FLT3; |
| F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders | Insomnia | F51.0, G47.0 | CA2; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Inflammatory disease | C11, C44, K75.9, M00-M25 | MMP12; |
| A00-B99: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases | Helminth infection | A00-B99 | ACHE; |
| NA: NA | Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation | NA | FLT3; |
| J00-J99: Diseases of the respiratory system | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | J40-J44, J47 | MMP12; |
| I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system | Pulmonary arterial hypertension | I27.0, I27.2 | HIF1A; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Myasthenia gravis | G70.0 | ACHE; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Myasthenia gravis diagnosis | G70.0 | ACHE; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Myeloid leukemia | C92 | FLT3; |
| F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders | Cognitive disorders | F01-F07, F04, F05, R41.3 | ACHE; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Prostate cancer | C61 | FLT3; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | AML | NA | FLT3; |
| I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system | Restenosis | I51.89 | MAPK1; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Gliosarcoma | NA | FLT3; |
| F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders | Anxiety disorder | F32, F40-F42 | ACHE; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Neurodegenerative disease | G30-G32 | ACHE; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Myelofibrosis | C94.4, D47.4 | FLT3; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Epileptic seizures | G40, P90, R56 | ACHE; |
| E00-E89: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases | Non-insulin dependent diabetes | E11.9 | FFAR1; |
| NA: NA | Upper abdominal bloating | NA | ACHE; |
| NA: NA | Edema | NA | CA2; |
| I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system | High blood pressure | I10-I16 | CA2; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | CLL | NA | FLT3; |
| E00-E89: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases | Diabetes | E23.2, N25.1 | FFAR1; |
| S00-T88: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes | Poisoning due to pesticides and chemicals | T36-T50 | ACHE; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Colorectal cancer | C18-C21 | FLT3; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Colon cancer | C50 | FLT3; |
| S00-T88: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes | Poison intoxication | T36-T50 | ACHE; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Lymphoma | C81-C86 | HIF1A; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | C91.0 | FLT3; |
| NA: NA | Early satiation associated with functional dyspepsia | NA | ACHE; |
| K00-K95: Diseases of the digestive system | Duodenal ulcers | K25-K27 | CA2; |
| I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system | Aortic aneurysm | I71 | MMP12; |
| I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system | Edema associated with congestive heart failure | I50, R60.9 | CA2; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Acute myeloid leukemia | C92.0 | FLT3; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Breast cancer | C50 | FLT3; |
| E00-E89: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases | Type 2 diabetes | E11 | FFAR1; |
| J00-J99: Diseases of the respiratory system | Airway inflammation | J00-J99 | FLT3; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Alzheimer disease | G30 | ACHE; |
| N00-N99: Diseases of the genitourinary system | Urinary dysfunction | N39.3-N39.4 | ACHE; |
| NA: NA | Anaplastic mixed oligoastrocytoma | NA | FLT3; |
| C00-D49: Neoplasms | Solid tumours | C00-D48 | FLT3; HIF1A; MAPK1; |
| H00-H59: Diseases of the eye and adnexa | Chronic glaucoma | H40-H42 | ACHE; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Parkinson's disease | G20 | ACHE; |
| G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 | Pain | G64, G90.0, R52, G89 | ACHE; |
| K00-K95: Diseases of the digestive system | Xerostomia | K11.7, R68.2 | ACHE; |
>> Profiles of ingredients and activity landscape
>> Collective molecular activities profile at 10μM cutoff
>> Targets derived from weak experimental activities
