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Plant Name: Foeniculum vulgare


Taxonomic Information:

Plant ID: NPO28295
Plant Latin Name: Foeniculum vulgare
Taxonomy Genus: Foeniculum
Taxonomy Family: Apiaceae

Plant External Links:

NCBI TaxonomyDB: 48038
Plant-of-the-World-Online: 842680-1


Used in Medicines:

Country/Region:
Madagascar; Italy; Turkmenistan; India; Rwanda; Swaziland; Argentina; Israel; Zimbabwe; Jordan; Chile; Thailand; Iraq; Philippines; Spain; Tanzania; Indonesia; Angola; Portugal; Mexico; South Africa; Lebanon; China; Kenya; South Korea

Traditional Medicine System:
Sowa-Rigpa; Indian Folk; Unani; Siddha; Ayurveda; Kampo; TCM


Medicinal Functions:

Analgesic; Antiinflammatory; Antispasmodic; Aromatherapy; Aromatic; Carminative; Diuretic; Emmenagogue; Expectorant; Galactogogue; Hallucinogenic; Stimulant; Stomachic


Geographical Distribution:

Brazil; Afghanistan; Madagascar; Italy; Bangladesh; Sudan; Lebanon; Nepal; France; Bahamas; Ethiopia; Rwanda; Tanzania; Somalia; Ireland; Swaziland; Argentina; Thailand; Turkmenistan; Israel; Iran; Algeria; Cuba; Turkey; Jordan; Cape Verde; Russia; United States; Zimbabwe; China; Chile; Belgium; Germany; Dominican Republic; Iraq; Djibouti; Spain; Ukraine; Eritrea; Netherlands; Libya; Pakistan; Philippines; Indonesia; Mauritius; Morocco; Kenya; Switzerland; New Zealand; Poland; Haiti; Bulgaria; Jamaica; Romania; Albania; Angola; Portugal; Mexico; Egypt; Tajikistan; South Africa; India; Peru; United Kingdom; Tunisia; Austria; Mozambique; Colombia; Greece; Hungary; South Korea; Fiji

Example Image
Geographical Distribution
See the Plant Occurrence Worldwide with Latitude and Longitude Available



Collective Molecular Activities of the Plant

List of Human Proteins Collectively Targeted by the Plant

Target Activity Range: ≤ 1μM
Click Gene ID to Access Activity Profile of Individual Target
Target Class
Target Proteins
Peptide receptor (family A GPCR)
TSHR;
Small molecule receptor (family A GPCR)
FFAR1; FFAR4;
Hydrolase
ACHE;
Enzyme_unclassified
TDP1; PKM; IDO1; HSD17B2; HSD17B10; ALOX15; ALDH1A1; APEX1; POLB;
Protein Phosphatase
CDC25B;
Protein Kinase
MAPK1; CDK8;
Lyase
CA2; CA12; CA9; CA7; CA4;
Nuclear hormone receptor subfamily 1 group C
PPARA;
Nuclear hormone receptor subfamily 1 group H
NR1H4;
Oxidoreductase
TYR;
Cysteine protease
CASP7;
Transcription Factor
AHR; HIF1A; TP53;
Unclassified
LMNA; FABP3; FABP5; FABP4;
Methyl-lysine/arginine binding protein
L3MBTL1;


List of Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Affected by the Plant

Activity Range: ≤ 1μM
Click Gene ID to Access Activity Profile of Individual Enzyme
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes: CYP19A1; CYP2C19; CYP1A2; CYP1B1; CYP1A1;

Detailed Information of Target Proteins

Protein Class Gene ID Protein Name Uniprot ID Target ChEMBL ID
Cysteine protease CASP7 Caspase-7 P55210 CHEMBL3468
Cytochrome P450 family 1 CYP1A2 Cytochrome P450 1A2 P05177 CHEMBL3356
Cytochrome P450 family 1 CYP1B1 Cytochrome P450 1B1 Q16678 CHEMBL4878
Cytochrome P450 family 1 CYP1A1 Cytochrome P450 1A1 P04798 CHEMBL2231
Cytochrome P450 family 19 CYP19A1 Cytochrome P450 19A1 P11511 CHEMBL1978
Cytochrome P450 family 2 CYP2C19 Cytochrome P450 2C19 P33261 CHEMBL3622
Enzyme_unclassified TDP1 Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1 Q9NUW8 CHEMBL1075138
Enzyme_unclassified PKM Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 P14618 CHEMBL1075189
Enzyme_unclassified IDO1 Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase P14902 CHEMBL4685
Enzyme_unclassified HSD17B2 Estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase 2 P37059 CHEMBL2789
Enzyme_unclassified HSD17B10 Endoplasmic reticulum-associated amyloid beta-peptide-binding protein Q99714 CHEMBL4159
Enzyme_unclassified ALOX15 Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase P16050 CHEMBL2903
Enzyme_unclassified ALDH1A1 Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 P00352 CHEMBL3577
Enzyme_unclassified APEX1 DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase P27695 CHEMBL5619
Enzyme_unclassified POLB DNA polymerase beta P06746 CHEMBL2392
Hydrolase ACHE Acetylcholinesterase P22303 CHEMBL220
Lyase CA2 Carbonic anhydrase II P00918 CHEMBL205
Lyase CA12 Carbonic anhydrase XII O43570 CHEMBL3242
Lyase CA9 Carbonic anhydrase IX Q16790 CHEMBL3594
Lyase CA7 Carbonic anhydrase VII P43166 CHEMBL2326
Lyase CA4 Carbonic anhydrase IV P22748 CHEMBL3729
Methyl-lysine/arginine binding protein L3MBTL1 Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 Q9Y468 CHEMBL1287622
Nuclear hormone receptor subfamily 1 group C PPARA Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha Q07869 CHEMBL239
Nuclear hormone receptor subfamily 1 group H NR1H4 Bile acid receptor FXR Q96RI1 CHEMBL2047
Oxidoreductase TYR Tyrosinase P14679 CHEMBL1973
Peptide receptor (family A GPCR) TSHR Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor P16473 CHEMBL1963
Protein Kinase MAPK1 MAP kinase ERK2 P28482 CHEMBL4040
Protein Kinase CDK8 Cell division protein kinase 8 P49336 CHEMBL5719
Protein Phosphatase CDC25B Dual specificity phosphatase Cdc25B P30305 CHEMBL4804
Small molecule receptor (family A GPCR) FFAR1 Free fatty acid receptor 1 O14842 CHEMBL4422
Small molecule receptor (family A GPCR) FFAR4 G-protein coupled receptor 120 Q5NUL3 CHEMBL5339
Transcription Factor AHR Aryl hydrocarbon receptor P35869 CHEMBL3201
Transcription Factor HIF1A Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha Q16665 CHEMBL4261
Transcription Factor TP53 Cellular tumor antigen p53 P04637 CHEMBL4096
Unclassified LMNA Prelamin-A/C P02545 CHEMBL1293235
Unclassified FABP3 Fatty acid binding protein muscle P05413 CHEMBL3344
Unclassified FABP5 Fatty acid binding protein epidermal Q01469 CHEMBL3674
Unclassified FABP4 Fatty acid binding protein adipocyte P15090 CHEMBL2083
Enrichment of Gene Ontology of Target Proteins (Activity≤1μM)


Detailed Information of Enriched Gene Ontolgy
GO Type GO Category Enriched GO Terms p-Value Adjusted p-Value Enriched Genes
MF GO:0003824; catalytic activity GO:0004089; carbonate dehydratase activity 6.635E-11 2.408E-07 CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7, CA9
BP GO:0008152; metabolic process GO:0097267; omega-hydroxylase P450 pathway 2.651E-09 6.413E-06 CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19
BP GO:0008152; metabolic process GO:0055114; oxidation-reduction process 7.977E-09 1.323E-05 ALDH1A1, ALOX15, APEX1, CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19, HSD17B10, HSD17B2, IDO1, PKM, TYR
BP GO:0008152; metabolic process GO:0006730; one-carbon metabolic process 8.084E-09 1.323E-05 CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7, CA9
BP GO:0051179; localization GO:0015701; bicarbonate transport 2.302E-08 2.783E-05 CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7, CA9
MF GO:0005488; binding GO:0019825; oxygen binding 2.586E-08 2.816E-05 CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19
BP GO:0008152; metabolic process GO:0019373; epoxygenase P450 pathway 7.438E-08 5.785E-05 CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19
BP GO:0050896; response to stimulus GO:0033993; response to lipid 8.822E-08 6.547E-05 CA2, CA9, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, FABP3, FFAR1, HSD17B2, IDO1, NR1H4, TP53, TYR
MF GO:0003824; catalytic activity GO:0070330; aromatase activity 1.097E-07 7.709E-05 CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1
MF GO:0005488; binding GO:0020037; heme binding 1.746E-07 1.028E-04 CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19, IDO1
MF GO:0005488; binding GO:0005504; fatty acid binding 2.163E-07 1.195E-04 FABP3, FABP4, FABP5, FFAR4
MF GO:0005488; binding GO:0005506; iron ion binding 6.519E-07 2.897E-04 ALOX15, CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19
BP GO:0050896; response to stimulus GO:0014070; response to organic cyclic compound 9.741E-07 4.242E-04 APEX1, CA2, CA9, CASP7, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, MAPK1, TP53, TYR
BP GO:0009987; cellular process GO:0006286; base-excision repair, base-free sugar-phosphate removal 3.769E-06 1.243E-03 APEX1, POLB
BP GO:0008152; metabolic process GO:0017144; drug metabolic process 7.017E-06 2.050E-03 ACHE, ALDH1A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19, IDO1, PKM
BP GO:0050896; response to stimulus GO:0055093; response to hyperoxia 9.116E-06 2.578E-03 CYP1A1, POLB, TP53
BP GO:0050896; response to stimulus GO:0071417; cellular response to organonitrogen compound 1.036E-05 2.784E-03 APEX1, CASP7, MAPK1, NR1H4, PKM, TP53, TSHR
BP GO:0050896; response to stimulus GO:0001666; response to hypoxia 1.056E-05 2.805E-03 CYP1A1, HIF1A, LMNA, PKM, PPARA, TP53
BP GO:0009987; cellular process GO:0032849; positive regulation of cellular pH reduction 1.129E-05 2.927E-03 CA2, CA7
BP GO:0050896; response to stimulus GO:0009636; response to toxic substance 1.161E-05 2.973E-03 AHR, APEX1, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, MAPK1, POLB, TP53
BP GO:0008152; metabolic process GO:0009404; toxin metabolic process 1.211E-05 3.065E-03 CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1
BP GO:0008152; metabolic process GO:0019433; triglyceride catabolic process 1.568E-05 3.711E-03 FABP3, FABP4, FABP5
MF GO:0005488; binding GO:0008270; zinc ion binding 2.151E-05 4.747E-03 CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7, CA9, L3MBTL1, NR1H4, PPARA, TP53
BP GO:0008152; metabolic process GO:0018894; dibenzo-p-dioxin metabolic process 2.256E-05 4.815E-03 CYP1A1, CYP1A2
BP GO:0050896; response to stimulus GO:0009611; response to wounding 2.531E-05 5.352E-03 ACHE, ALOX15, CYP1A1, PPARA, TP53
BP GO:0065007; biological regulation GO:0030641; regulation of cellular pH 3.565E-05 7.188E-03 CA2, CA7, MAPK1, TP53
BP GO:0008152; metabolic process GO:1902893; regulation of pri-miRNA transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter 3.679E-05 7.269E-03 HIF1A, PPARA, TP53
MF GO:0003824; catalytic activity GO:0008395; steroid hydroxylase activity 4.030E-05 7.565E-03 CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP2C19
MF GO:0005488; binding GO:0001221; transcription cofactor binding 5.211E-05 9.457E-03 AHR, PPARA, TP53
Enriched KEGG Pathways of Target Proteins (Activity≤1μM)


Top 10 KEGG Pathways (ordered by adjusted p-value)

Detailed Information of Enriched KEGG Pathways
Pathway Category Top Level Pathway Category Second Level Pathway ID Pathway Name p-Value Adjusted p-Value Enriched Genes
09100 Metabolism 09102 Energy metabolism hsa00910 Nitrogen metabolism 1.146E-10 1.605E-08 CA12, CA2, CA4, CA7, CA9
09100 Metabolism 09103 Lipid metabolism hsa00140 Steroid hormone biosynthesis 8.022E-08 5.615E-06 CYP1A2, HSD17B2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP19A1
09100 Metabolism 09105 Amino acid metabolism hsa00380 Tryptophan metabolism 9.638E-07 4.498E-05 CYP1A2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, IDO1
09150 Organismal Systems 09152 Endocrine system hsa04913 Ovarian steroidogenesis 2.396E-06 8.386E-05 HSD17B2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP19A1
Unclassified Unclassified hsa01100 Metabolic pathways 1.255E-05 2.510E-04 PKM, HSD17B2, CYP1A2, ALOX15, ALDH1A1, CYP1A1, CYP2C19, TYR, CYP19A1, HSD17B10, IDO1
09160 Human Diseases 09161 Cancers hsa05230 Central carbon metabolism in cancer 7.792E-06 2.045E-04 PKM, MAPK1, TP53, HIF1A
09150 Organismal Systems 09152 Endocrine system hsa03320 PPAR signaling pathway 8.764E-06 2.045E-04 FABP3, FABP4, FABP5, PPARA
09160 Human Diseases 09161 Cancers hsa05204 Chemical carcinogenesis 1.742E-05 3.049E-04 CYP1A2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2C19
09140 Cellular Processes 09143 Cell growth and death hsa04210 Apoptosis 1.411E-04 1.976E-03 CASP7, LMNA, MAPK1, TP53
09100 Metabolism 09103 Lipid metabolism hsa00591 Linoleic acid metabolism 2.235E-05 3.476E-04 CYP1A2, ALOX15, CYP2C19
09160 Human Diseases 09161 Cancers hsa05203 Viral carcinogenesis 6.022E-04 6.486E-03 POLB, PKM, MAPK1, TP53
09100 Metabolism 09108 Metabolism of cofactors and vitamins hsa00830 Retinol metabolism 2.548E-04 3.243E-03 CYP1A2, ALDH1A1, CYP1A1
09100 Metabolism 09111 Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism hsa00980 Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 3.591E-04 4.189E-03 CYP1A2, CYP1A1, CYP1B1
09150 Organismal Systems 09155 Excretory system hsa04964 Proximal tubule bicarbonate reclamation 8.672E-04 8.672E-03 CA2, CA4
Human Diseases Associated with the Target Proteins of the Plant

Detailed Information of Human Diseases
ICD10 Disease Category Disease Name ICD10 Code Associated Disease Targets
(Association Ref: TTD database)
C00-D49: Neoplasms Solid tumours C00-D48 HIF1A; MAPK1; PKM; TP53; CA9;
G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 Alzheimer disease G30 ACHE;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Cancer C00-C96 IDO1; ACHE; HIF1A; MAPK1; TP53; CDC25B; CA9;
H00-H59: Diseases of the eye and adnexa Glaucoma H40-H42 ACHE;
F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders Anxiety disorder F32, F40-F42 ACHE;
G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 Epileptic seizures G40, P90, R56 ACHE;
F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders Cognitive disorders F01-F07, F04, F05, R41.3 ACHE;
I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system Renal artery disease I70.1 TP53;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Bladder cancer C67 CYP19A1;
N00-N99: Diseases of the genitourinary system Endometriosis N80 CYP19A1;
NA: NA Edema NA CA2;
I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system Edema associated with congestive heart failure I50, R60.9 CA2;
K00-K95: Diseases of the digestive system Xerostomia K11.7, R68.2 ACHE;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Renal cancer C64 CA9;
I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system Restenosis I51.89 MAPK1;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Breast cancer C50 CYP19A1; CA9;
S00-T88: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes Toxicity T36-T50, T51-T65 TP53;
H60-H95: Diseases of the ear and mastoid process Hearing disorder H90.5 TP53;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Head and neck cancer C07-C14, C32-C33 TP53;
K00-K95: Diseases of the digestive system Duodenal ulcers K25-K27 CA2;
NA: NA Early satiation associated with functional dyspepsia NA ACHE;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Thyroid cancer C73 TSHR;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Hematological malignancies C81-C86 TP53;
A00-B99: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases Helminth infection A00-B99 ACHE;
I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system Pulmonary arterial hypertension I27.0, I27.2 HIF1A;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Clear cell renal cell carcinoma C64 CA9;
NA: NA HIV infections NA AHR;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Hormonally-responsive breast cancer C50 CYP19A1;
I00-I99: Diseases of the circulatory system High blood pressure I10-I16 CA2;
N00-N99: Diseases of the genitourinary system Prostate disease N42.9 CYP19A1;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Thyroid cancer diagnosis C73 TSHR;
W85-W99: Exposure to electric current, radiation and extreme ambient air temperature and pressure Diagnostic test to differentiate primary and secondary hypothyroidism W88 TSHR;
H00-H59: Diseases of the eye and adnexa Chronic glaucoma H40-H42 ACHE;
F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders Insomnia F51.0, G47.0 CA2;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Melanoma C43 TYR;
N00-N99: Diseases of the genitourinary system Urinary dysfunction N39.3-N39.4 ACHE;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Refractory renal cell carcinoma C64 PKM;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Advanced breast cancer C50 CYP19A1;
G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 Myasthenia gravis G70.0 ACHE;
NA: NA Upper abdominal bloating NA ACHE;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Late-stage solid tumors C00-C75, C7A, C7B, D10-D36, D3A TP53;
L00-L99: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue Vitiligo L80 TYR;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Colorectal cancer C18-C21 TP53;
L00-L99: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue Melasma L81.1 TYR;
S00-T88: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes Poisoning due to pesticides and chemicals T36-T50 ACHE;
S00-T88: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes Poison intoxication T36-T50 ACHE;
A00-B99: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases Pediculus humanus capitis B85.0 ACHE;
F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders Mild cognitive impairment F06.7 ACHE;
E00-E89: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases Type 2 diabetes E11 FFAR1;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Lymphoma C81-C86 HIF1A; CA9;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Multiple myeloma C90 AHR;
G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 Pain G64, G90.0, R52, G89 ACHE; PKM;
G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 Parkinson's disease G20 ACHE;
H00-H59: Diseases of the eye and adnexa Ocular hypertension H40.0 CA4;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Ocular cancer C69 APEX1;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Acute myeloid leukemia C92.0 TP53;
M00-M99: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue Rheumatoid arthritis M05-M06 TYR;
C00-D49: Neoplasms Oral cavity cancer C00-C08 TP53;
G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 Neurodegenerative disease G30-G32 ACHE;
F01-F99: Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental disorders Depression F30-F39 IDO1;
E00-E89: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases Non-insulin dependent diabetes E11.9 FFAR1;
E00-E89: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases Diabetes E23.2, N25.1 FFAR1;
H00-H59: Diseases of the eye and adnexa Open-angle glaucoma H40-H42 CA4; ACHE; CA2;
G00-G99: Diseases of the nervous system G00-G99 Myasthenia gravis diagnosis G70.0 ACHE;
Data Section
Select to Download
1. General Info & Plant Usage & Geographical Distribution  
2. Human Target Proteins  
3. Target Gene Ontology  
4. Target KEGG Pathway  
5. Related Human Diseases  
>> Profiles of ingredients and activity landscape
>> Collective molecular activities profile at 10μM cutoff
>> Targets derived from weak experimental activities
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The CMAUP database is developed by the Bioinformatics & Drug Design group (BIDD), which is based in the Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

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Principle Investigator:
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