Structure

Physi-Chem Properties

Molecular Weight:  148.07
Volume:  144.857
LogP:  -0.945
LogD:  -1.222
LogS:  0.144
# Rotatable Bonds:  4
TPSA:  77.76
# H-Bond Aceptor:  4
# H-Bond Donor:  3
# Rings:  0
# Heavy Atoms:  4

MedChem Properties

QED Drug-Likeness Score:  0.506
Synthetic Accessibility Score:  3.082
Fsp3:  0.833
Lipinski Rule-of-5:  Accepted
Pfizer Rule:  Accepted
GSK Rule:  Accepted
BMS Rule:  0
Golden Triangle Rule:  Rejected
Chelating Alert:  0
PAINS Alert:  0

ADMET Properties (ADMETlab2.0)

ADMET: Absorption

Caco-2 Permeability:  -5.725
MDCK Permeability:  0.0025745313614606857
Pgp-inhibitor:  0.003
Pgp-substrate:  0.01
Human Intestinal Absorption (HIA):  0.143
20% Bioavailability (F20%):  0.089
30% Bioavailability (F30%):  0.672

ADMET: Distribution

Blood-Brain-Barrier Penetration (BBB):  0.847
Plasma Protein Binding (PPB):  11.155633926391602%
Volume Distribution (VD):  0.304
Pgp-substrate:  78.40381622314453%

ADMET: Metabolism

CYP1A2-inhibitor:  0.007
CYP1A2-substrate:  0.118
CYP2C19-inhibitor:  0.018
CYP2C19-substrate:  0.061
CYP2C9-inhibitor:  0.008
CYP2C9-substrate:  0.826
CYP2D6-inhibitor:  0.005
CYP2D6-substrate:  0.106
CYP3A4-inhibitor:  0.009
CYP3A4-substrate:  0.04

ADMET: Excretion

Clearance (CL):  4.534
Half-life (T1/2):  0.851

ADMET: Toxicity

hERG Blockers:  0.015
Human Hepatotoxicity (H-HT):  0.1
Drug-inuced Liver Injury (DILI):  0.056
AMES Toxicity:  0.011
Rat Oral Acute Toxicity:  0.003
Maximum Recommended Daily Dose:  0.011
Skin Sensitization:  0.118
Carcinogencity:  0.024
Eye Corrosion:  0.954
Eye Irritation:  0.992
Respiratory Toxicity:  0.016

Download Data

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General Info & Identifiers & Properties  
Structure MOL file  
Source Organisms  
Biological Activities  
Similar NPs/Drugs  

  Natural Product: NPC81015

Natural Product ID:  NPC81015
Common Name*:   KJTLQQUUPVSXIM-ZCFIWIBFSA-N
IUPAC Name:   n.a.
Synonyms:  
Standard InCHIKey:  KJTLQQUUPVSXIM-ZCFIWIBFSA-N
Standard InCHI:  InChI=1S/C6H12O4/c1-6(10,2-3-7)4-5(8)9/h7,10H,2-4H2,1H3,(H,8,9)/t6-/m1/s1
SMILES:  C[C@@](CCO)(CC(=O)O)O
Synthetic Gene Cluster:   n.a.
ChEMBL Identifier:   n.a.
PubChem CID:   439230
Chemical Classification**:  
  • CHEMONTID:0000000 [Organic compounds]
    • [CHEMONTID:0000012] Lipids and lipid-like molecules
      • [CHEMONTID:0003909] Fatty Acyls
        • [CHEMONTID:0000262] Fatty acids and conjugates
          • [CHEMONTID:0000341] Hydroxy fatty acids

*Note: the InCHIKey will be temporarily assigned as the "Common Name" if no IUPAC name or alternative short name is available.
**Note: the Chemical Classification was calculated by NPClassifier Version 1.5. Reference: PMID:34662515.

  Species Source

Organism ID Organism Name Taxonomy Level Family SuperKingdom Isolation Part Collection Location Collection Time Reference
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. DOI[10.1016/0045-6535(91)90110-Y]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. DOI[10.1016/j.jfca.2004.07.004]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. DOI[10.1016/j.jfca.2004.07.004]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. DOI[10.1016/j.jfca.2005.08.001]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. DOI[10.1016/j.jfca.2005.08.001]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. DOI[10.1016/j.jfca.2005.08.001]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. retail stores, supermarkets and market stalls in Forssa and in the Helsinki area 2003–2005 DOI[10.1016/j.jfca.2006.05.007]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. retail stores, supermarkets and market stalls in Forssa and in the Helsinki area 2003–2005 DOI[10.1016/j.jfca.2006.05.007]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. DOI[10.1021/jf00055a023]
NPO16230 Malus pumila Species Rosaceae Eukaryota Fruit n.a. n.a. DOI[10.1021/jf970571j]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. 1996-Sep PMID[10352947]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. 1996-Sep PMID[10352947]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. seed n.a. PMID[11539687]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[12379786]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[12713418]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. fruit n.a. PMID[12932131]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. Himeji City, Japan n.a. PMID[15053555]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[15877880]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[15877880]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[16748484]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[17764147]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[18460139]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[18460139]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[18460139]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. Northeastern Regional Plant Introduction Station at Geneva 1966, 1967, and 1968 crop seasons PMID[18460139]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. Northeastern Regional Plant Introduction Station at Geneva 1966, 1967, and 1968 crop seasons PMID[18460139]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[20460582]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[20597533]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[21080643]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. husk n.a. PMID[21574561]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. leaf n.a. PMID[21574561]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[21800857]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. exocarp n.a. PMID[21800857]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. root n.a. PMID[21800857]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. seed n.a. PMID[23292602]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[23507362]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[23656415]
NPO16230 Malus pumila Species Rosaceae Eukaryota n.a. fruit n.a. PMID[240326]
NPO21107 Bassia scoparia Species Chenopodiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[24380276]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. fruit n.a. PMID[25172746]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[25650289]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[2831703]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[2831703]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[29762032]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[6821187]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. PMID[8910532]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. pollen n.a. PMID[8987503]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota Plant n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota Fruit n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16230 Malus pumila Species Rosaceae Eukaryota Plant n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota Fruit n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota Seed n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota Plant n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota Fruit n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota Seed Essent. Oil n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16230 Malus pumila Species Rosaceae Eukaryota Pollen Or Spore n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16230 Malus pumila Species Rosaceae Eukaryota Fruit n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota Fruit n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota Seed Oil n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota Pollen Or Spore n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota Fruit n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota Shoot n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota Resin, Exudate, Sap n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota Fruit Juice n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota Shoot n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota Root n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota Husk Essent. Oil n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota Shoot n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16230 Malus pumila Species Rosaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota Root n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota Leaf n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota Silk Essent. Oil n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota Root n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota Leaf n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota Silk Stigma Style n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota Root n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16230 Malus pumila Species Rosaceae Eukaryota Fruits n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota Roots n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota Leaf n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota Stem n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota Seed n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota Leaf n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota Tissue Culture n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota Seed n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota Oil n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota Tissue Culture n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota Bulb n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota Seed n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota Pericarp n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota Cob n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota Seed n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16230 Malus pumila Species Rosaceae Eukaryota Seed n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota Pericarp n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota Fruit n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota Cotyledon n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO16230 Malus pumila Species Rosaceae Eukaryota Pericarp n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota Flower n.a. n.a. Database[FooDB]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[HerDing]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[HerDing]
NPO16230 Malus pumila Species Rosaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[HerDing]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[HerDing]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[HerDing]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[HerDing]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[HerDing]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. Database[Phenol-Explorer]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. Database[Phenol-Explorer]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCMID]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCMID]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCMID]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCMID]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCMID]
NPO16230 Malus pumila Species Rosaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCMID]
NPO31303 Solanum lycopersicum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCM_Taiwan]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCM_Taiwan]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCM_Taiwan]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCM_Taiwan]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCM_Taiwan]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TCM_Taiwan]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TM-MC]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TM-MC]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TM-MC]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TM-MC]
NPO21107 Bassia scoparia Species Chenopodiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[TM-MC]
NPO21107 Bassia scoparia Species Chenopodiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[UNPD]
NPO15810 Zea mays Species Poaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[UNPD]
NPO7530 Cucumis sativus Species Cucurbitaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[UNPD]
NPO16230 Malus pumila Species Rosaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[UNPD]
NPO23230 Allium cepa Species Amaryllidaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[UNPD]
NPO16501 Capsicum annuum Species Solanaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[UNPD]
NPO163 Daucus carota Species Apiaceae Eukaryota n.a. n.a. n.a. Database[UNPD]
NPO16230 Malus pumila Species Rosaceae Eukaryota Fruit n.a. n.a. Database[USDA]

☑ Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP source organism data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated them from below databases:
☉ UNPD: Universal Natural Products Database [PMID: 23638153].
☉ StreptomeDB: a database of streptomycetes natural products [PMID: 33051671].
☉ TM-MC: a database of medicinal materials and chemical compounds in Northeast Asian traditional medicine [PMID: 26156871].
☉ TCM@Taiwan: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 21253603].
☉ TCMID: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 29106634].
☉ TCMSP: The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform [PMID: 24735618].
☉ HerDing: a herb recommendation system to treat diseases using genes and chemicals [PMID: 26980517].
☉ MetaboLights: a metabolomics database [PMID: 27010336].
☉ FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

  NP Quantity Composition/Concentration

Organism ID NP ID Organism Material Preparation Organism Part NP Quantity (Standard) NP Quantity (Minimum) NP Quantity (Maximum) Quantity Unit Reference
NPO23230 NPC81015 Raw Bulb 0.05 0.05 0.05 mg/100g Database [DUKE]
NPO16501 NPC81015 Other (raw) Fruit 0.05 0.05 0.05 mg/100g Database [DUKE]
NPO7530 NPC81015 Raw Fruit 0.3 0.3 0.3 mg/100g Database [DUKE]
NPO16230 NPC81015 Raw Fruit 3.3 3 3.6 mg/100g Database [DUKE]
NPO31303 NPC81015 Raw Fruit 0.35 0.3 0.4 mg/100g Database [DUKE]
NPO163 NPC81015 Raw Root 0.4 0.4 0.4 mg/100g Database [DUKE]
NPO15810 NPC81015 Raw Seed 1.4 1.4 1.4 mg/100g Database [DUKE]
NPO21556 NPC81015 n.a. Sclerotia 0.175 ± 0.023 n.a. n.a. % PMID[20527951]

☑ Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP quantitative data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated NP quantitative records for specific NP domains (e.g., NPS from foods or herbs) from domain-specific databases. These databases include:
☉ DUKE: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
☉ PHENOL EXPLORER: is the first comprehensive database on polyphenol content in foods [PMID: 24103452], its homepage can be accessed at here.
☉ FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

  Biological Activity

Target ID Target Type Target Name Target Organism Activity Type Activity Relation Value Unit Reference

☑ Note for Activity Records:
☉ The quantitative biological activities were primarily integrated from ChEMBL (Version-30) database and were also directly collected from PubMed literature. PubMed PMID was provided as the reference link for each activity record.

  Chemically structural similarity: I. Similar Active Natural Products in NPASS

Top-200 similar NPs were calculated against the active-NP-set (includes 4,3285 NPs with experimentally-derived bioactivity available in NPASS)

Similarity level is defined by Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) between two molecules. Tc lies between [0, 1] where '1' indicates the highest similarity. What is Tanimoto coefficient

●  The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC81015 and all remaining natural products in the NPASS database.
●  The right table: Most similar natural products (Tc>=0.56 or Top200).

Similarity Score Similarity Level Natural Product ID

  Chemically structural similarity: II. Similar Clinical/Approved Drugs

Similarity level is defined by Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) between two molecules.

●  The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC81015 and all drugs/candidates.
●  The right table: Most similar clinical/approved drugs (Tc>=0.56 or Top200).

Similarity Score Similarity Level Drug ID Developmental Stage

  Bioactivity similarity: Similar Natural Products in NPASS

Bioactivity similarity was calculated based on bioactivity descriptors of compounds. The bioactivity descriptors were calculated by a recently developed AI algorithm Chemical Checker (CC) [Nature Biotechnology, 38:1087–1096, 2020; Nature Communications, 12:3932, 2021], which evaluated bioactivity similarities at five levels:
☉ A: chemistry similarity;
☉ B: biological targets similarity;
☉ C: networks similarity;
☉ D: cell-based bioactivity similarity;
☉ E: similarity based on clinical data.

Those 5 categories of CC bioactivity descriptors were calculated and then subjected to manifold projection using UMAP algorithm, to project all NPs on a 2-Dimensional space. The current NP was highlighted with a small circle in the 2-D map. Below figures: left-to-right, A-to-E.

A: chemistry similarity
B: biological targets similarity
C: networks similarity
D: cell-based bioactivity similarity
E: similarity based on clinical data