NPASS Compound

Natural Product: NPC278832

Natural Product ID	NPC278832
Common Name ? The InCHIKey will be temporarily assigned as the "Common Name" if no IUPAC name or alternative short name is available.	5-Oxo-Isocystofuranoquinol
IUPAC Name	(2E,6Z,10E)-1-(2,5-dihydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-3,7,11-trimethyl-12-(4-methylfuran-2-yl)dodeca-2,6,10-trien-5-one
Synonyms	5-Oxo-Isocystofuranoquinol
Synthetic Gene Cluster	n.a.
ChEMBL Identifier	CHEMBL461906
PubChem CID	14033288
Chemical Classification	CHEMONTID:0000000 [Organic compounds] [CHEMONTID:0000012] Lipids and lipid-like molecules [CHEMONTID:0000259] Prenol lipids [CHEMONTID:0001550] Sesquiterpenoids

The Chemical Classification was calculated by Classyfire, a software for chemical taxonomy calculation. Reference: DOI:10.1186/s13321-016-0174-y.

Chemical Representations

RDKit 3D 65 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0999 V2000 -1.7968 -1.7002 -1.7615 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.1644 -0.8636 -0.6868 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0496 -0.4258 -0.9274 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8352 0.3843 -0.0485 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5182 0.8146 1.0710 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.2199 0.7844 -0.5006 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.2443 -0.0490 0.2052 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.1573 0.5226 0.9631 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.1632 -0.3165 1.6510 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.5431 0.1866 1.2930 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.2510 0.9155 2.2398 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.5048 1.3862 1.9568 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.0968 1.1533 0.7351 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.3789 0.4272 -0.1945 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.0366 0.1890 -1.5064 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.1274 -0.0468 0.0779 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.4509 -0.7759 -0.9065 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.2061 2.1180 2.9183 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.2165 -1.5230 0.0714 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.8751 -0.6277 0.5621 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.1359 0.1728 0.4827 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.2125 -0.3817 -0.3622 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.3798 -0.7682 0.1260 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.6505 -0.6554 1.5662 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.4016 -1.3110 -0.7820 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.6551 -0.4965 -0.7525 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.9298 0.5996 -1.5788 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9.1795 1.0903 -1.2580 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9.9017 2.2425 -1.8589 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9.6184 0.2531 -0.2291 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -8.7081 -0.6326 0.0164 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.0731 -1.0460 -2.5897 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.0437 -2.4354 -2.1477 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.6260 -2.3220 -1.3792 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5192 -0.7072 -1.9057 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.3398 1.8370 -0.2514 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.2802 0.6910 -1.5957 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.1396 1.6153 1.0587 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.1147 -1.3659 1.3099 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.0145 -0.1976 2.7329 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.7571 1.0822 3.1937 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.0848 1.5266 0.5184 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.7626 0.9884 -1.7574 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.2877 0.1818 -2.3486 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.6073 -0.7622 -1.4831 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.0035 -1.3530 -1.5200 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.7892 2.8915 3.4103 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.2704 -1.8505 -0.4419 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.1563 -2.0099 1.0901 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.0803 -1.9650 -0.4204 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.1934 -1.6922 0.9275 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.2943 -0.2778 1.4182 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.4904 0.2966 1.5456 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.8893 1.2117 0.1388 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.0239 -0.4515 -1.4497 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.6410 -1.0939 1.8373 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.9065 -1.1934 2.1964 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.6506 0.4100 1.9189 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.0082 -1.4064 -1.8135 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.6640 -2.3430 -0.4289 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.2717 0.9827 -2.3295 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10.9834 2.1606 -1.6288 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9.5821 3.2099 -1.3755 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9.6821 2.3582 -2.9334 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10.5741 0.3631 0.2571 H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 2 3 2 0 3 4 1 0 4 5 2 0 4 6 1 0 6 7 1 0 7 8 2 0 8 9 1 0 9 10 1 0 10 11 2 0 11 12 1 0 12 13 2 0 13 14 1 0 14 15 1 0 14 16 2 0 16 17 1 0 12 18 1 0 7 19 1 0 2 20 1 0 20 21 1 0 21 22 1 0 22 23 2 0 23 24 1 0 23 25 1 0 25 26 1 0 26 27 2 0 27 28 1 0 28 29 1 0 28 30 2 0 30 31 1 0 16 10 1 0 31 26 1 0 1 32 1 0 1 33 1 0 1 34 1 0 3 35 1 0 6 36 1 0 6 37 1 0 8 38 1 0 9 39 1 0 9 40 1 0 11 41 1 0 13 42 1 0 15 43 1 0 15 44 1 0 15 45 1 0 17 46 1 0 18 47 1 0 19 48 1 0 19 49 1 0 19 50 1 0 20 51 1 0 20 52 1 0 21 53 1 0 21 54 1 0 22 55 1 0 24 56 1 0 24 57 1 0 24 58 1 0 25 59 1 0 25 60 1 0 27 61 1 0 29 62 1 0 29 63 1 0 29 64 1 0 30 65 1 0 M END

Standard InCHIKey	BNCKLSYUMPIDKU-RMYBHBTPSA-N
Standard InCHI	InChI=1S/C27H34O4/c1-18(7-6-8-19(2)13-26-14-21(4)17-31-26)11-24(28)12-20(3)9-10-23-16-25(29)15-22(5)27(23)30/h8-9,11,14-17,29-30H,6-7,10,12-13H2,1-5H3/b18-11-,19-8+,20-9+
SMILES	C/C(=C/C(=O)C/C(=C/Cc1cc(cc(C)c1O)O)/C)/CC/C=C(C)/Cc1cc(C)co1

Calculated Properties

Physi-Chem Properties

Molecular Weight:	422.25	Volume:	469.868 ? Van der Waals volume.
Dense:	0.899	LogP:	6.415 ? The logarithm of the n-octanol/water distribution coefficients.
logD7.4:	4.312 ? The logarithm of the n-octanol/water distribution coefficient at pH=7.4.	LogS:	-4.758 ? The logarithm of aqueous solubility value.
Rotatable Bonds:	10.0	Rigid Bonds:	15.0
TPSA:	70.67 ? Topological Polar Surface Area.	H-Bond Acceptor:	4.0
H-Bond Donor:	2.0	Rings:	2.0
Heavy Atoms:	4.0

MedChem Properties

QED Drug-Likeness Score:	0.255	GASA:	0.0 ? GASA represents the probability of being difficult to synthesize, ranging from 0 to 1.
Synthetic Accessibility Score:	3.465	Fsp³:	0.37
MCE-18:	16.0 ? MCE-18 stands for medicinal chemistry evolution.MCE-18≥45 is considered a suitable value.	Lipinski Rule-of-5:	Rejected
Pfizer Rule:	Accepted	GSK Rule:	Accepted
Golden Triangle Rule:	Rejected	BMS Rule:	1
Chelating Alert:	0	PAINS Alert:	0
Colloidal aggregators:	0.937	Fluc inhibitor:	0.284 ? The fluc inhibitor value is the probability of being fLuc inhibitors, within the range of 0 to 1.
Blue fluorescence:	0.036 ? The blue fluorescence value is the probability of being blue fluorescence, within the range of 0 to 1	Green fluorescence:	0.291 ? The green fluorescence value is the probability of being green fluorescence, within the range of 0 to 1
Reactive compounds:	0.527	Promiscuous compounds:	0.023

ADMET Properties (ADMETlab3.0)

ADMET: Absorption

Caco-2 Permeability:	-5.176	MDCK Permeability:	-4.916
Pgp-inhibitor:	0.912	Pgp-substrate:	0.0
PAMPA:	0.002 ? The experimental data for Peff was logarithmically transformed (logPeff). Molecules with log Peff values below 2.0 were classified as low-permeability (Category 0), while those with log Peff values exceeding 2.5 were classified as high-permeability (Category 1).	Human Intestinal Absorption (HIA):	0.0
20% Bioavailability (F20%):	0.337	30% Bioavailability (F30%):	0.585
50% Bioavailability (F50%):	0.498

ADMET: Distribution

Blood-Brain-Barrier Penetration (BBB):	0.0	MRP1:	0.928
Plasma Protein Binding (PPB):	97.638%	Volume Distribution (VD):	0.167
Fu:	2.413% ? The fraction unbound in plasms.	OATP1B1 inhibitor:	1.0
OATP1B3 inhibitor:	1.0	BCRP inhibitor:	0.002
BSEP inhibitor:	1.0

ADMET: Metabolism

CYP1A2-inhibitor:	0.376	CYP1A2-substrate:	0.882
CYP2C19-inhibitor:	0.985	CYP2C19-substrate:	0.869
CYP2C9-inhibitor:	0.96	CYP2C9-substrate:	0.001
CYP2D6-inhibitor:	0.996	CYP2D6-substrate:	0.387
CYP3A4-inhibitor:	0.49	CYP3A4-substrate:	0.986
CYP2B6-substrate:	0.001	CYP2C8-inhibitor:	0.999
HLM stability:	0.988 ? Human liver microsomal (HLM) stability. Category 0: stable+ (HLM > 30 min); Category 1: unstable- (HLM ≤ 30 min). The output value is the probability of human liver microsomal instability, where a value closer to 1 indicates a higher likelihood of instability.

ADMET: Excretion

Clearance (CL):

8.572

Half-life (T1/2):

0.782

ADMET: Toxicity

hERG Blockers:	0.256	hERG Blockers (10um):	0.713
Human Hepatotoxicity (H-HT):	0.678	Drug-induced Liver Injury (DILI):	0.065
AMES Toxicity:	0.149	Rat Oral Acute Toxicity:	0.491
Maximum Recommended Daily Dose:	0.904	Skin Sensitization:	0.926
Carcinogencity:	0.501	Eye Corrosion:	0.0
Eye Irritation:	0.285	Respiratory Toxicity:	0.776
Drug-induced Neurotoxicity:	0.216	Ototoxicity:	0.604
Hematotoxicity:	0.229	Drug-induced Nephrotoxicity:	0.653
Genotoxicity:	0.615	RPMI-8226 Immunitoxicity:	0.099
A549 Cytotoxicity:	0.421	Hek293 Cytotoxicity:	0.719
BCF:	2.161 ? Bioconcentration factors are used for considering secondary poisoning potential and assessing risks to human health via the food chain. The unit is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].	IGC50:	5.546 ? 48 hour Tetrahymena pyriformis IGC50. The unit of IGC50 is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].
LC50DM:	6.735 ? 48 hour Daphnia magna LC50. The unit of LC50DM is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].	LC50FM:	6.417 ? 96 hour fathead minnow LC50. The unit of LC50FM is -log10[(mg/L)/(1000*MW)].

Species Source

Organism ID	Organism Name	Taxonomy Level	Family	SuperKingdom	Isolation Part	Collection Location	Collection Time	Reference
NPO8863	Cystoseira crinita	Species	Sargassaceae	Eukaryota	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	PMID[12880316]
NPO8863	Cystoseira crinita	Species	Sargassaceae	Eukaryota	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Database[COCONUT]
NPO8863	Cystoseira crinita	Species	Sargassaceae	Eukaryota	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	Database[UNPD]

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP source organism data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated them from below databases:
☉ UNPD: Universal Natural Products Database [PMID: 23638153].
☉ StreptomeDB: a database of streptomycetes natural products [PMID: 33051671].
☉ TM-MC: a database of medicinal materials and chemical compounds in Northeast Asian traditional medicine [PMID: 26156871].
☉ TCM@Taiwan: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 21253603].
☉ TCMID: a Traditional Chinese Medicine database [PMID: 29106634].
☉ TCMSP: The traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform [PMID: 24735618].
☉ HerDing: a herb recommendation system to treat diseases using genes and chemicals [PMID: 26980517].
☉ MetaboLights: a metabolomics database [PMID: 27010336].
☉ FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

NP Quantity Composition/Concentration

Organism ID	Organism Name	Organism Material Preparation	Organism Part	NP Quantity (Standard)	NP Quantity (Minimum)	NP Quantity (Maximum)	Quantity Unit	Reference

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP quantitative data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated NP quantitative records for specific NP domains (e.g., NPS from foods or herbs) from domain-specific databases. These databases include:
☉ DUKE: Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases.
☉ PHENOL EXPLORER: is the first comprehensive database on polyphenol content in foods [PMID: 24103452], its homepage can be accessed at here.
☉ FooDB: a database of constituents, chemistry and biology of food species [www.foodb.ca].

Biological Activity

Activity Type	# Activity
Activity	8
Inhibition	5
GI50	3
TGI	3

Activity Type	# Activity
Cell line	4
Others	8
Non-molecular	7

Molecular-level activity

Target ID	Target Type	Target Name	Target Organism	Activity Type	Activity Relation	Value	Unit	Reference

In vitro activity

Target ID	Target Type	Target Name	Target Organism	Activity Type	Activity Relation	Value	Unit	Reference
NPT65	Cell line	HepG2	Homo sapiens	GI50	=	1.7	ug.mL-1	PMID[18590312]
NPT65	Cell line	HepG2	Homo sapiens	TGI	=	5.0	ug.mL-1	PMID[18590312]
NPT83	Cell line	MCF7	Homo sapiens	TGI	=	1.7	ug.mL-1	DrugMatrix in vitro pharmacology data
NPT83	Cell line	MCF7	Homo sapiens	GI50	=	0.9	ug.mL-1	DrugMatrix in vitro pharmacology data
NPT20529	Non-molecular	NON-PROTEIN TARGET	n.a.	Inhibition	=	16.4	%	PMID[12880316]
NPT20529	Non-molecular	NON-PROTEIN TARGET	n.a.	Inhibition	=	25.2	%	PMID[12880316]
NPT20529	Non-molecular	NON-PROTEIN TARGET	n.a.	Inhibition	=	38.9	%	PMID[12880316]
NPT20529	Non-molecular	NON-PROTEIN TARGET	n.a.	Inhibition	=	66.6	%	PMID[12880316]
NPT20529	Non-molecular	NON-PROTEIN TARGET	n.a.	Inhibition	=	74.6	%	PMID[12880316]
NPT20529	Non-molecular	NON-PROTEIN TARGET	n.a.	GI50	=	0.9	ug.mL-1	PMID[12880316]
NPT20529	Non-molecular	NON-PROTEIN TARGET	n.a.	TGI	=	2.0	ug.mL-1	PMID[12880316]
NPT1	Others	Radical scavenging activity	n.a.	Activity	=	5.9	%	PMID[8450319]
NPT1	Others	Radical scavenging activity	n.a.	Activity	=	11.0	%	PMID[25871261]
NPT1	Others	Radical scavenging activity	n.a.	Activity	=	22.1	%	DOI[10.1007/s00044-011-9965-x]
NPT1	Others	Radical scavenging activity	n.a.	Activity	=	56.7	%	PMID[11929285]
NPT1	Others	Radical scavenging activity	n.a.	Activity	=	95.7	%	DOI[10.6019/CHEMBL1201861]
NPT1	Others	Radical scavenging activity	n.a.	Activity	=	95.8	%	PMID[23631483]
NPT35	Others	n.a.	n.a.	Activity	=	0.28	mmol/L	PMID[16252925]
NPT2	Others	Unspecified	n.a.	Activity	=	0.79	mmol/L	PMID[18183025]

In vivo activity

Target ID	Target Type	Target Name	Target Organism	Activity Type	Activity Relation	Value	Unit	Reference

Experimental ADME

Experiment Model	Experiment Tissue	ADME Type	ADME Relation	ADME Value	ADME Unit	Reference

Experimental Toxicity

Quantitative toxicity

Experiment Model	Experiment Organism	Toxicity Type	Toxicity Relation	Toxicity Value	Toxicity Unit	Reference

Common Abbreviations:
LC: Lethal Concentration; LD: Lethal Dose; LT:Lethal Time; NOAEL: No-observed-adverse-effect Level; BMDL: Benchmark Dose Lower Confidence Limit; BMD: Benchmark Dose; BMC:Benchmark Concentration; LOAEL: Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level; RfD:Reference Dose; RfC:Reference Concentration; MRL: Minimal Risk Level; MEG: Maximum Exposure Guideline; PAC: Protective Action Criteria

Categorical toxicity labels

Hepatotoxicity	Carcinogenicity	Mutagenicity	Cardiotoxicity	Respiratory Toxicity	Eye Irritation	Endocrine Disruption

Note for Reference:
In addition to directly collecting NP quantitative data from primary literature (where reference will provided as NCBI PMID or DOI links), NPASS also integrated NP toxicity records from domain-specific databases. These databases include:
☉ ToxValDB: a curated database that compiles quantitative toxicity values for chemicals from diverse public sources to support toxicological research and risk assessment.
☉ TOXRIC: a comprehensive, free-to-access, online database providing toxicological/feature data. The toxicity labels are retrieved from this database. [PMID: 36400569]

Chemically structural similarity

Similar Active Natural Products in NPASS

Top-200 similar NPs were calculated against the active-NP-set (includes approximately 50,000 NPs with experimentally-derived bioactivity available in NPASS)

Similarity is measured using the Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) , which compares the binary fingerprints of two molecules. Tc is calculated as the intersection divided by the union of '1' bits in the fingerprints, ranging from 0 to 1, with 1 indicating highest similarity.

● The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC278832 and all remaining natural products in the NPASS database.
● The right table: Most similar natural products (Tc>=0.5 or Top200).

range	Tanimoto Coefficient
0-0.1	16425
0.1-0.2	31976
0.2-0.3	1367
0.3-0.4	68
0.4-0.5	8
0.5-0.6	4
0.6-0.7	7
0.7-0.8	0
0.8-0.85	0
0.85-0.9	0
0.9-0.95	0
0.95-1	1

Similarity Score	Similarity Level	Natural Product ID
1.0	High Similarity	NPC64157
0.7031	Intermediate Similarity	NPC68260
0.7031	Intermediate Similarity	NPC279887
0.6818	Remote Similarity	NPC208229
0.6818	Remote Similarity	NPC282855
0.6818	Remote Similarity	NPC26013
0.6429	Remote Similarity	NPC28784
0.6429	Remote Similarity	NPC296144
0.6164	Remote Similarity	NPC474050
0.6143	Remote Similarity	NPC265793
0.5811	Remote Similarity	NPC312525
0.5811	Remote Similarity	NPC217180
0.5385	Remote Similarity	NPC474114
0.5278	Remote Similarity	NPC205523

Similar Clinical/Approved Drugs

Similarity level is defined by Tanimoto coefficient (Tc) between two molecules.

● The left chart: Distribution of similarity level between NPC278832 and all drugs/candidates.
● The right table: Most similar clinical/approved drugs (Tc>=0.5 or Top200).

range	Tanimoto Coefficient
0-0.1	3195
0.1-0.2	5929
0.2-0.3	26
0.3-0.4	0
0.4-0.5	0
0.5-0.6	0
0.6-0.7	0
0.7-0.8	0
0.8-0.85	0
0.85-0.9	0
0.9-0.95	0
0.95-1	0

Similarity Score	Similarity Level	Drug ID	Developmental Stage
		NPD

Bioactivity similarity

Similar Natural Products in NPASS

Similarity level is defined by Bioactivity similarity was calculated based on bioactivity descriptors of compounds. The bioactivity descriptors were calculated by a recently developed AI algorithm Chemical Checker (CC) [Nature Biotechnology, 38:1087–1096, 2020; Nature Communications, 12:3932, 2021], which evaluated bioactivity similarities at five levels:
☉ A: chemistry similarity;
☉ B: biological targets similarity;
☉ C: networks similarity;
☉ D: cell-based bioactivity similarity;
☉ E: similarity based on clinical data.
Those 5 categories of CC bioactivity descriptors were calculated and then subjected to manifold projection using UMAP algorithm, to project all NPs on a 2-Dimensional space. The current NP was highlighted with a small circle in the 2-D map. Below figures: left-to-right, A-to-E.

A: chemistry similarity

B: biological targets similarity

C: networks similarity

D: cell-based bioactivity similarity

E: similarity based on clinical data