Individual Investigations can be accessed by clicking "Study ID" in the 4th column.
Investigated medical kits / drugs
| Medicine Name | Chemical Structure | Medicine Category | Study ID | Study Title | Investigation Class | Investigation Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2-keto-L-gulonic acid |
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Bioactive Molecule | SLID-317 | Spaceflight-induced enhancement of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid production by a mixed culture of Ketogulonigenium vulgare and Bacillus thuringiensis | Bacteria | Two bacterial strains used for industrial production of 2‐keto‐L‐gulonic acid (2‐KLG), Ketogulonigenium vulgare 2 and Bacillus thuringiensis 1514, were loaded onto the spacecraft Shenzhou VII and expo...sed to space conditions for 68 h in an attempt to increase their fermentation productivities of 2‐KLG. An optimal combination of mutants B. thuringiensis 320 and K. vulgare 2194 (KB2194‐320) was identified by systematically screening the pH and 2‐KLG production of 16 000 colonies. Compared with the coculture of parent strains, the conversion rate of L‐sorbose to 2‐KLG by KB2194‐320 in shake flask fermentation was increased significantly from 82·7% to 95·0%. Furthermore, a conversion rate of 94·5% and 2‐KLG productivity of 1·88 g l−1 h−1 were achieved with KB2194‐320 in industrial‐scale fermentation (260 m3 fermentor). An observed increase in cell number of K2194 (increased by 47·8%) during the exponential phase and decrease in 2‐KLG reductase activity (decreased by 46·0%) were assumed to explain the enhanced 2‐KLG production. The results suggested that the mutants KB2194‐320 could be ideal substitutes for the currently employed strains in the 2‐KLG fermentation process and demonstrated the feasibility of using spaceflight to breed high‐yielding 2‐KLG‐producing strains for vitamin C production.more |
| Acetaminophen |
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Therapeutic Drug | SLID-370 | Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen administered in tablets and capsules under long-term space flight conditions | Therapeutic drug | The pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in two medicinal forms, tablets and capsules, have been studied in healthy volunteers after single peroral administration at a dose of 499 mg under usual living c...onditions and during long-term space flight. The rate of drug absorption from tablets decreases significantly whereas the relative bioavailability increases substantially under microgravity conditions (compared with usual conditions). For the encapsulated medicinal form, the time of absorption decreases statistically reliably and the half-elimination time, the average retention time, and the distribution volume increase considerably whereas the bioavailability changes insignificantly.more |
| Acetaminophen |
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Therapeutic Drug | SLID-373 | Medication use by U.S. crewmembers on the International Space Station | Therapeutic drug | The environment on the International Space Station (ISS) includes a variety of potential physiologic stressors, including low gravity, elevated exposure to radiation, confined living and working quart...ers, a heavy workload, and high public visibility. This retrospective study examined medication use during long-duration spaceflights (>30 d). Medication records from 24 crewmembers on 20 missions longer than 30 d over a 10 yr period were examined for trends in usage rates, efficacy, and indication, as well as adverse event quality, frequency, and severity. Results were compared with those from crewmembers on shorter space shuttle missions (>16 d) and other reports of medication use by healthy adults. The most frequently used medications on the ISS were for sleep problems, pain, congestion, or allergy. Medication use during spaceflight missions was similar to that noted on the Space Shuttle and in adult ambulatory medicine, except that usage of sleep aids was about 10 times higher during spaceflight missions. There were also 2 apparent treatment failures in cases of skin rash, raising questions about the efficacy or suitability of the treatments used. Many spaceflight-related medication uses (at least 10%) were linked to extravehicular activities, exercise protocols, or equipment and operationally driven schedule changes. It seems likely that alterations in spaceflight mission operations (schedule-shifting and lighting) or hardware (extravehicular activity suits and exercise equipment) could reduce the need for a sizable fraction of medication uses.more |
| Acetaminophen |
|
Therapeutic Drug | SLID-374 | Chemical Potency and Degradation Products of Medications Stored Over 550 Earth Days at the International Space Station | Therapeutic drug | Medications degrade over time, and degradation is hastened by extreme storage conditions. Current procedures ensure that medications aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are restocked before t...heir expiration dates, but resupply may not be possible on future long-duration exploration missions. For this reason, medications stored on the ISS were returned to Earth for analysis. This was an opportunistic, observational pilot-scale investigation to test the hypothesis that ISS-aging does not cause unusual degradation. Nine medications were analyzed for active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content and degradant amounts; results were compared to 2012 United States Pharmacopeia (USP) requirements. The medications were two sleep aids, two antihistamines/decongestants, three pain relievers, an antidiarrheal, and an alertness medication. Because the samples were obtained opportunistically from unused medical supplies, each medication was available at only 1 time point and no control samples (samples aged for a similar period on Earth) were available. One medication met USP requirements 5 months after its expiration date. Four of the nine (44% of those tested) medications tested met USP requirements 8 months post expiration. Another three medications (33%) met USP guidelines 2–3 months before expiration. One compound, a dietary supplement used as a sleep aid, failed to meet USP requirements at 11 months post expiration. No unusual degradation products were identified. Limited, evidence-based extension of medication shelf-lives may be possible and would be useful in preparation for lengthy exploration missions. Only analysis of flight-aged samples compared to appropriately matched ground controls will permit determination of the spaceflight environment on medication stability.more |
| Acetaminophen |
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Therapeutic Drug | SLID-375 | Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight | Therapeutic drug, Medical Supply, Health Supplement | Humans who have travelled in space have used medications to ease adaptation to their new environment (like anti-nausea medications) and to prevent adaptations that could prove deleterious to their lon...g-term well-being (e.g., anti-resorptives to maintain bone mineral density). They have also treated the ordinary illnesses that humans experience and made certain that they have medication stocks available for the treatment of medical emergencies. A medical system for any space flight will be heavily reliant on medications, since surgical treatment options may not be feasible during a mission. For exploration missions, duration is a critical consideration. Longer journey length means increased likelihood of medical events occurring, which increase the supplies required; this must be balanced against the mass and volume limits inherent in a vehicle of limited size. Stability during storage is a crucial consideration for missions longer than 1 year. More research is required to understand the degradation of pharmaceutical products over time, with special attention to minimizing harmful degradation and determining how older products might be used safely. New manufacturing methods like 3D printing or expression by bioengineered microorganisms might 1 day enable crewmembers to produce fresh new supplies during the course of their mission, but there is much research and testing required to ensure safety and efficacy of the finished products.more |
| Acetaminophen |
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Therapeutic Drug | SLID-378 | Physiological, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic changes in space | Therapeutic drug | The objectives of this investigation were to 1) determine changes in GI motility during space flight using a noninvasive lactulose breath-hydrogen test, 2) determine absorption, bioavailability, and e...limination of acetaminophen during space flight, 3) determine hepatic metabolic activity during space flight by measuring the clearance of antipyrine after an oral dose, and 4) correlate functional changes in the GI tract and liver with the absorption and metabolism of acetaminophen. (Both acetaminophen and antipyrine are substances used to reduce fever and relieve pain.). [Conclusion]: The limited inflight data collected to date, although indicating trends of GI and hepatic function changes during flight, are inadequate to characterize the degree and magnitude of such changes. The mechanisms underlying these changes are difficult to identify because of the complexity of these changes as well as the large number of variables that may influence disposition profiles and kinetic parameters during flight. Further investigation is required to generate information that will be useful for the development of pharmaceutical and nutritional countermeasures for microgravity-induced deconditioning.more |
| Acetaminophen |
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Therapeutic Drug | SLID-380 | Spaceflight Medical Systems | Therapeutic drug, Medical Supply, Health Supplement | Providing adequate medical care for spaceflight crews requires that appropriate diagnostic tools and treatment modalities be available to them throughout their mission. The challenge for mission plann...ers is deciding what medical capability to provide and then packaging it in a way that meets the many unique constraints of space flight. Crews also must receive adequate training that will help them to make correct diagnoses and administer the appropriate level of care to an ill or injured crewmember. Identification of appropriate levels of medical care is driven by the risks that have been identified in space flight. One practical way of identifying such risks is by studying risks among analogous populations, such as military pilots, submarine crews, and Antarctic winter-over research teams. From these groups, which undergo medical screening processes similar to those of spaceflight crews, the probabilities and risks of illness occurring during a mission can be estimated. Review of reported illnesses in U.S. and Russian spaceflight crews also can be useful, although such data were not available to medical mission planners in the earliest days of space flight. The duration of a space mission and the number of high-risk activities associated with it (e.g., extravehicular activities) will also influence decisions concerning the content of onboard medical systems. Mission planners must also consider environmental factors that are unique to the space environment—factors that include microgravity, radiation, toxicology, microbiology, and purity of reclaimed water. Finally, the unique physiological responses to space flight must also be examined—space adaptation syndrome, cardiovascular deconditioning, and bone demineralization, among others. Only by accounting for all of these factors can the best possible care and facilities be provided to spaceflight crews.more |
| Acetaminophen |
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Therapeutic Drug | SLID-393 | In-flight Pharmacokinetics of Acetaminophen in Saliva | Therapeutic drug | n.a. |
| Actinomycin D |
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Therapeutic Drug | SLID-303 | The effect of space flight on the production of actinomycin D by Streptomyces plicatus | Bacteria | The effect of space flight on production of the antibiotic actinomycin D by Streptomyces plicatus WC56452 was examined onboard the US Space Shuttle mission STS-80. Paired space flight and ground contr...ol samples were similarly prepared using identical hardware, media, and inoculum. The cultures were grown in defined and complex media under dark, anaerobic, thermally controlled (20 degrees C) conditions with samples fixed after 7 and 12 days in orbit, and viable residuals maintained through landing at 17 days, 15 h. Postflight analyses indicated that space flight had reduced the colony-forming unit (CFU) per milliliter count of S. plicatus and increased the specific productivity (pg CFU(-1)) of actinomycin D. The antibiotic compound itself was not affected, but its production time course was altered in space. Viable flight samples also maintained their sporulation ability when plated on agar medium postflight, while the residual ground controls did not sporulate.more |
| Actinomycin D |
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Therapeutic Drug | SLID-305 | Microbial antibiotic production aboard the International Space Station | Bacteria | Previous studies examining metabolic characteristics of bacterial cultures have mostly suggested that reduced gravity is advantageous for microbial growth. As a consequence, the question of whether sp...ace flight would similarly enhance secondary metabolite production was raised. Results from three prior space shuttle experiments indicated that antibiotic production was stimulated in space for two different microbial systems, albeit under suboptimal growth conditions. The goal of this latest experiment was to determine whether the enhanced productivity would also occur with better growth conditions and over longer durations of weightlessness. Microbial antibiotic production was examined onboard the International Space Station during the 72-day 8A increment. Findings of increased productivity of actinomycin D by Streptomyces plicatus in space corroborated with previous findings for the early sample points (days 8 and 12); however, the flight production levels were lower than the matched ground control samples for the remainder of the mission. The overall goal of this research program is to elucidate the specific mechanisms responsible for the initial stimulation of productivity in space and translate this knowledge into methods for improving efficiency of commercial production facilities on Earth.more |
Showing 1 to 10 of 172 entries
All investigations involved in a specific flightspace program can be further browsed by clicking "Project Name" in the 2nd column.
Individual Investigations can be accessed by clicking "Study ID" in the 3th column.
Browse space investigations by spaceflight missions
| Project Type | Project Name | Study ID | Study Title | Flight Duration | Investigation Class | Investigation Abstract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ground Study | 2-D Clinostat SM-X1 | SLID-040 | Loss of T cell precursors after spaceflight and exposure to vector-averaged gravity | 12 Days | Animals | Using fetal thymus organ culture (FTOC), we examined the effects of spaceflight and vector-averaged gravity on T cell development. Under both conditions, the development of T cells was significantly a...ttenuated. Exposure to spaceflight for 16 days resulted in a loss of precursors for CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD8+ T cells in a rat/mouse xenogeneic co-culture. A significant decrease in the same precursor cells, as well as a decrease in CD4-CD8- T cell precursors, was also observed in a murine C57BL/6 FTOC after rotation in a clinostat to produce a vector-averaged microgravity-like environment. The block in T cell development appeared to occur between the pre-T cell and CD4+CD8+ T cell stage. These data indicate that gravity plays a decisive role in the development of T cells.more |
| Ground Study | Orbital Environmental Simulator | SLID-056 | Sustained microgravity reduces intrinsic wound healing and growth factor responses in the rat | 10 Days | Animals | Spaceflight is known to diminish bone mass and reduce immune function, suggesting that repair of connective tissue might be impaired in a microgravity environment. Fisher 344 rats were used to test wo...und healing responses in the orbiting Space Shuttle Endeavour by preflight implantation of polyvinyl acetal sponge disks in which pellets were placed to release either platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), or placebo. Control groups on the ground included a matched environment group in similar housing modules and temperature control groups in cages at 22 degreesC and 28 degreesC. After 12 days of implantation and 10 days in orbit, the removed sponges were analyzed for histological and biochemical responses. Growth factor responses were histologically evident after release of PDGF-BB and bFGF in ground controls, whereas only immediate-release bFGF and delayed-release PDGF-BB showed significant responses in microgravity. Biochemical data confirmed that cellularity was increased by both factors in ground sponges; however, this response was significantly blunted in flight sponges (P<0.005, ANOVA), irrespective timing of factor release. Collagen content was 62% lower in sponges from animals with 10 days of microgravity exposure (P<0.01, ANOVA) and further reduced by bFGF. These data suggest that orbital exposure retards the capacity of wounds to heal and respond to exogenous stimuli.more |
| Ground Study | Tail Suspension Hindlimb Unloading Model | SLID-060 | Space shuttle flight (STS-90) enhances degradation of rat myosin heavy chain in association with activation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway | 16 Days | Animals | To elucidate the mechanisms of microgravity‐induced muscle atrophy, we focused on fast‐type myosin heavy chain (MHC) degradation and expression of proteases in atrophied gastrocnemius muscles of neona...tal rats exposed to 16‐d spaceflight (STS‐90). The spaceflight stimulated ubiquitination of proteins, including a MHC molecule, and accumulation of MHC degradation fragments in the muscles. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction revealed that the spaceflight significantly increased mRNA levels of cathepsin L, proteasome components (RC2 and RC9), polyubiquitin, and ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme in the muscles, compared with those of ground control rats. The levels of μ‐calpain, m‐calpain, cathepsin B, and cathepsin H mRNAs were not changed by the spaceflight. We also found that tail‐suspension of rats for 10 d or longer caused the ubiquitination and degradation of MHC in gastrocnemius muscle, as was observed in the spaceflight rats. In the muscle of suspended rats, these changes were closely associated with activation of proteasome and up‐regulation of expression of mRNA for the proteasome components and polyubiquitin. Administration of a cysteine protease inhibitor, E‐64, to the suspended rats did not prevent the MHC degradation. Our results suggest that spaceflight induces the degradation of muscle contractile proteins, including MHC, possibly through a ubiquitin‐dependent proteolytic pathway.more |
| Ground Study | Tail Suspension Hindlimb Unloading Model | SLID-061 | Skeletal muscle gene expression in space-flown rats | 16 Days | Animals | Skeletal muscles are vulnerable to marked atrophy under microgravity. This phenomenon is due to the transcriptional alteration of skeletal muscle cells to weightlessness. To further investigate this i...ssue at a subcellular level, we examined the expression of approximately 26,000 gastrocnemius muscle genes in space-flown rats by DNA microarray analysis. Comparison of the changes in gene expression among spaceflight, tail-suspended, and denervated rats revealed that such changes were unique after spaceflight and not just an extension of simulated weightlessness. The microarray data showed two spaceflight-specific gene expression patterns: 1) imbalanced expression of mitochondrial genes with disturbed expression of cytoskeletal molecules, including putative mitochondria-anchoring proteins, A-kinase anchoring protein, and cytoplasmic dynein, and 2) up-regulated expression of ubiquitin ligase genes, MuRF-1, Cbl-b, and Siah-1A, which are rate-limiting enzymes of muscle protein degradation. Distorted expression of cytoskeletal genes during spaceflight resulted in dislocation of the mitochondria in the cell. Several oxidative stress-inducible genes were highly expressed in the muscle of spaceflight rats. We postulate that mitochondrial dislocation during spaceflight has deleterious effects on muscle fibers, leading to atrophy in the form of insufficient energy provision for construction and leakage of reactive oxygen species from the mitochondria.more |
| Ground Study | Tail Suspension Hindlimb Unloading Model | SLID-064 | Resveratrol prevents the wasting disorders of mechanical unloading by acting as a physical exercise mimetic in the rat | 14 Days | Animals | Long-term spaceflight induces hypokinesia and hypodynamia, which, along microgravity per se, result in a number of significant physiological alterations, such as muscle atrophy, force reduction, insul...in resistance, substrate use shift from fats to carbohydrates, and bone loss. Each of these adaptations could turn to serious health deterioration during the long-term spaceflight needed for planetary exploration. We hypothesized that resveratrol (RES), a natural polyphenol, could be used as a nutritional countermeasure to prevent muscle metabolic and bone adaptations to 15 d of rat hindlimb unloading. RES treatment maintained a net protein balance, soleus muscle mass, and soleus muscle maximal force contraction. RES also fully maintained soleus mitochondrial capacity to oxidize palmitoyl-carnitine and reversed the decrease of the glutathione vs. glutathione disulfide ratio, a biomarker of oxidative stress. At the molecular level, the protein content of Sirt-1 and COXIV in soleus muscle was also preserved. RES further protected whole-body insulin sensitivity and lipid trafficking and oxidation, and this was likely associated with the maintained expression of FAT/CD36, CPT-1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in muscle. Finally, chronic RES supplementation maintained the bone mineral density and strength of the femur. For the first time, we report a simple countermeasure that prevents the deleterious adaptations of the major physiological functions affected by mechanical unloading. RES could thus be envisaged as a nutritional countermeasure for spaceflight but remains to be tested in humans.more |
| Ground Study | 2g Centrifuge | SLID-065 | Observing the mouse thyroid sphingomyelin under space conditions: a case study from the MDS mission in comparison with hypergravity conditions | 91 Days | Animals | This is a case report of apparent thyroid structural and functional alteration in a single mouse subjected to low Earth orbit spaceflight for 91 days. Histological examination of the thyroid gland rev...ealed an increase in the average follicle size compared to that of three control animals and three animals exposed to hypergravity (2g) conditions. Immunoblotting analysis detected an increase in two thyroid gland enzymes, sphingomyelinase and sphingomyelin-synthase1. In addition, sphingomyelinase, an enzyme confined to the cell nucleus in the control animals, was found in the mouse exposed to hypogravity to be homogeneously distributed throughout the cell bodies. It represents the first animal observation of the influence of weightlessness on sphingomyelin metabolism. more |
| Ground Study | Tail Suspension Hindlimb Unloading Model | SLID-068 | The effect of long-term hindlimb unloading on the expression of risk neurogenes encoding elements of serotonin-, dopaminergic systems and apoptosis; comparison with the effect of actual spaceflight on mouse brain | 30 Days | Animals | The study of spaceflight effects on the brain is technically complex concern; complicated by the problem of applying an adequate ground model. The most-widely used experimental model to study the effe...ct of microgravity is the tail-suspension hindlimb unloading model; however, its compliance with the effect of actual spaceflight on the brain is still unclear. We evaluated the effect of one month hindlimb unloading on the expression of genes related to the brain neuroplasticity-brain neutotrophic factors (Gdnf, Cdnf), apoptotic factors (Bcl-xl, Bax), serotonin- and dopaminergic systems (5-HT2A, Maoa, Maob, Th, D1r, Comt), and compared the results with the data obtained on mice that spent one month in spaceflight on Russian biosatellite Bion-M1. No effect of hindlimb unloading was observed on the expression of most genes, which were considered as risk neurogenes for long-term actual spaceflight. The opposite effect of hindlimb unloading and spaceflight was found on the level of mRNA of D1 dopamine receptor and catechol-O-methyltransferase in the striatum. At the same time, the expression of Maob in the midbrain decreased, and the expression of Bcl-xl genes increased in the hippocampus, which corresponds to the effect of spaceflight. However, the hindlimb unloading model failed to reproduce the majority of effects of long-term spaceflight on serotonin-, dopaminergic systems and some apoptotic factors.more |
| Ground Study | NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) | SLID-073 | Space radiation triggers persistent stress response, increases senescent signaling, and decreases cell migration in mouse intestine | 7 Days; 60 Days; 12 Months | Animals | Proliferative gastrointestinal (GI) tissue is radiation-sensitive, and heavy-ion space radiation with its high-linear energy transfer (high-LET) and higher damaging potential than low-LET γ-rays is pr...edicted to compromise astronauts' GI function. However, much uncertainty remains in our understanding of how heavy ions affect coordinated epithelial cell migration and extrusion, which are essential for GI homeostasis. Here we show using mouse small intestine as a model and BrdU pulse labeling that cell migration along the crypt-villus axis is persistently decreased after a low dose of heavy-ion 56Fe radiation relative to control and γ-rays. Wnt/β-catenin and its downstream EphrinB/EphB signaling are key to intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation and positioning during migration, and both are up-regulated after 56Fe radiation. Conversely, factors involved in cell polarity and adhesion and cell-extracellular matrix interactions were persistently down-regulated after 56Fe irradiation-potentially altering cytoskeletal remodeling and cell extrusion. 56Fe radiation triggered a time-dependent increase in γH2AX foci and senescent cells but without a noticeable increase in apoptosis. Some senescent cells acquired the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, and this was accompanied by increased IEC proliferation, implying a role for progrowth inflammatory factors. Collectively, this study demonstrates a unique phenomenon of heavy-ion radiation-induced persistently delayed IEC migration involving chronic sublethal genotoxic and oncogenic stress-induced altered cytoskeletal dynamics, which were seen even a year later. When considered along with changes in barrier function and nutrient absorption factors as well as increased intestinal tumorigenesis, our in vivo data raise a serious concern for long-duration deep-space manned missions.more |
| Ground Study | Tailor-made Centrifuge | SLID-077 | Hypergravity disrupts murine intestinal microbiota | 21 Days | Animals | During spaceflight, organisms are subjected to various physical stressors including modification of gravity (G) that, associated with lifestyle, could lead to impaired immunity, intestinal dysbiosis a...nd thus potentially predispose astronauts to illness. Whether space travel affects microbiota homeostasis has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in intestinal microbiota and mucosa in a ground-based murine model consisting in a 21-days confinement of mice in a centrifuge running at 2 or 3G. Results revealed an increased α-diversity and a significant change in intracaecal β-diversity observed only at 3G, with profiles characterized by a decrease of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Compared to 1G microbiota, 12.1% of the taxa were significantly impacted in 3G microbiota, most of them (78%) being enriched. This study shows a G-level-dependent disruption of intracaecal microbiota, without alteration of mucosal integrity. These first data reinforce those recently obtained with in-flight experimentations or microgravity models, and emphasize the critical need for further studies exploring the impact of spaceflight on intestinal microbiota in order to optimize long-term space travel conditions.more |
| Ground Study | Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stressors (CUMS) | SLID-101 | Socioenvironmental stressors encountered during spaceflight partially affect the murine TCR-β repertoire and increase its self-reactivity | 21 Days | Animals | Spaceflights are known to affect the immune system. In a previous study, we demonstrated that hypergravity exposure during murine development modified 85% of the T-cell receptor (TCR)-β repertoire. In... this study, we investigated whether socioenvironmental stressors encountered during space missions affect T lymphopoiesis and the TCR-β repertoire. To address this question, pregnant mice were subjected throughout gestation to chronic unpredictable mild stressors (CUMS), a model used to mimic socioenvironmental stresses encountered during space missions. Then, newborn T lymphopoiesis and the TCR-β repertoire were studied by flow cytometry and high-throughput sequencing, respectively. No change in thymocyte maturation or TCR expression were noted. TCR-β repertoire analysis revealed that 75% of neonate TCR-β sequences resulted from the expression of 3 variable (V)β segments and that this core repertoire was not affected by CUMS. However, the minor repertoire, representing 25% of the global repertoire, was sensitive to CUMS exposure. We also showed that the variable (diversity) joining [V(D)J] recombination process was unlikely to be affected. Finally, we noted that the CUMS neonatal minor repertoire was more self-reactive than the one of control pups. These findings show that socioenvironmental stressors such as those encountered during space missions affect a fraction (25%) of the TCR-β repertoire and that these stressors could increase self-reactivity.-Fonte, C., Kaminski, S., Vanet, A., Lanfumey, L., Cohen-Salmon, C., Ghislin, S., Frippiat, J.-P. Socioenvironmental stressors encountered during spaceflight partially affect the murine TCR-β repertoire and increase its self-reactivity.more |
Showing 1 to 10 of 575 entries